Table of Contents

• GONĀBĀD

  Minu Yusuf-Nežād

  a town and a sub-province (šahrestān) in the province of Khorasan.

• GONĀBĀDI ORDER

  Hamid Algar

  an offshoot of the Neʿmat-Allāhi Sufi order, still active in Persia.

• GONĀBĀDI, ʿEMĀD-AL-DIN MOḤAMMAD

  Shiro Ando

  or Jonābādi, b. Zayn-al-ʿĀbedin b. Neẓām-al-Din Moḥammad (b. 1415), Timurid financial officer and vizier.

• GONĀBĀDI, Mirzā ABU’L-QĀSEM QĀSEMI

  Cross-Reference

  poet. See QĀSEMI Gonābādi, Mirzā Abu’l-Qāsem.

• GONĀBĀDI, MOḤAMMAD PARVIN

  Cross-Reference

  Persian scholar and translator. See PARVIN GONĀBĀDI.

• GONBAD -E ʿALAWIĀN-E Hamadān

  Cross-Reference

  See HAMADĀN, vii. MONUMENTS.

• GONBĀD-E KĀVUS

  Cross-Reference

  See GONBAD-E QĀBUS.

• GONBAD-E QĀBUS

  E. Ehlers, M. Momeni, and EIr, Habib-Allāh Zanjāni, Sheila S. Blair

  (now referred to officially as Gonbad-e Kāvus) is the administrative center of the sub-province (šahrestān) of the same name and the urban center of the Turkman tribal area in northern Persia. It is named after its major monument, a tall tower that marks the grave of the Ziyarid ruler Qābus b. Vošmgir (r. 978-1012).

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• GONBAD-E SORḴ

  Marcus Milwright

  the “Red Tomb,” completed on 4 March 1148, the earliest of five medieval mausolea located in Marāḡa in Azerbaijan. It combines elements of the two common forms of Islamic Iranian monumental tomb, the domed cube, and the conically-roofed circular or polygonal tower. 

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• GONDĒŠĀPUR

  A. Shapur Shahbazi, Lutz Richter-Bernburg

  in the Sasanian epoch, Gondēšāpur was one of the four major cities of Ḵuzestān, the other three being Karḵa, Susa, and Šuštar. The extensive irrigation systems developed there by the early Sasanians were probably aimed at supplying a large population.

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• GONDOPHARES

  A. D. H. Bivar

  Indo-Parthian king (20-46 C.E.) in Drangiana, Arachosia, and especially in the Punjab.

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• GŌR

  Cross-Reference

  the historical name for present-day Firuzābād in Fārs. See ARDAŠIR ḴORRA; FIRUZĀBĀD.

• GŌRĀN

  Cross-Reference

  a tribe in Kurdistan. See GURĀN.

• GORĀN, ʿABD-ALLĀH SOLAYMĀN

  Keith Hitchins

  (1904-62), the leading Kurdish poet of the twentieth century.

• GORĀZ

  Cross-Reference

  See BOAR.

• GORBA

  Cross-Reference

  See CAT I; CAT II.

• ḠŌRBAND

  M. Jamil Hanifi

  or ḠURBAND; a major valley of Kōhestān/Kuhestān and a sub-province (woloswāli) of Parvān province in the southern foothills of the Hindu Kush massif, located approximately 50 miles north of Kabul.

• ḠORBATI

  Cross-Reference

  See GYPSY.

• GORDĀFARID

  Djalal Khaleghi-Motlagh

  daughter of Gaždaham, the castellan of Dež-e Sapid, the Iranian fortress on the frontier with Turān.

• GORDIA

  Cross-Reference

  a female character in the Shah-nama. See BAHRĀM (2) vii. Bahrām VI Čōbīn.

• GORDIANUS III

  Cross-Reference

  Roman emperor. See Šāpur I.

• GORDON, THOMAS EDWARD

  Rose L. Greaves

  (1832–1914), General Sir, British intelligence officer, director of the Imperial Bank of Persia (Bānk-e šāhi-e Irān) from 1893 to 1914, author, and apparently the first person to use the term Middle East, which meant particularly Persia and Afghanistan.

• GORDUENE

  Cross-Reference

  See KORDUK.

• GORG

  Cross-Reference

  See WOLF.

• GORGĀN

  Multiple Authors

  OVERVIEW of the entry: i. Geography, ii. Dašt-e Gorgān, iii. Population, iv. Archeology, v. Pre-Islamic history, vi. History from the rise of Islam to the beginning of the Safavid Period, vii. To the end of the Pahlavi era.

• GORGĀN i. Geography

  Ḥabib-Allāh Zanjāni

  the ancient Hyrcania, an important Persian province at the southeast corner of the Caspian sea.

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• GORGĀN ii. Dašt-e Gorgān

  Eckart Ehlers

  the designation of a steppe-region of approximately 10,000 km2 near the southeastern edge of the Caspian Sea, stretching for almost 200 km east-west between Morāva Tappa and the coast of the Caspian Sea near Gomišān.

• GORGĀN iii. Population

  Ḥabib-Allāh Zanjāni

  Over the past four decades, the population of Golestān Province as a whole has increased 4.5 times, 8.5 times in the urban and 3.3 times in the rural areas. In the same period, the number of its cities has increased from 5 to 16.

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• GORGĀN iv. Archeology

  Muhammad Yusof Kiani

  The Greek historian Arrian, recording Alexander’s expedition to the East, speaks of Alexander’s march to the city of Zadracarta, the largest town in the region and the capital of Hyrcania, where the royal palace was situated.

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• GORGĀN v. Pre-Islamic history

  A. D. H. Bivar

  The area comprises two distinct climatic zones: the rainforest of the Alborz northern slopes and the Gorgān plain, well-watered and fertile close to the mountains but passing into increasingly desert steppe as the distance from the foothills increases.

• GORGĀN vi. History From The Rise Of Islam To The Beginning Of The Safavid Period

  C. Edmund Bosworth

  formed in Sasanian and pre-modern Islamic times a transitional zone, a corridor, between the subtropical habitat and climate of Māzandarān to its west, and the arid steppes of Dehestān and beyond them, the Qara Qum Desert to its northwest.

• GORGĀN vii. History from the Safavids to the end of the Pahlavi era

  Jawād Neyestāni and EIr

  Two characteristics dominated the history of Gorgān in the period between the 16th and early 19th centuries: incessant tribal unrest and power politics.

• GORGĀN BAY

  Cross-Reference

  See ASTARĀBĀD BAY.

• GORGANAJ

  Cross-Reference

  See CHORASMIA.

• GORGĀNI DIALECT

  Cross-Reference

  See MĀZANDARĀNI.

• GORGĀNI, ABU’L-HAYṮAM AḤMAD

  Cross-Reference

  See ABU’L-HAYṮAM GORGĀNI.

• GORGĀNI, FAḴR-AL-DIN ASʿAD

  Julie Scott Meisami

  (fl. ca. 1050), poet, best known for his verse romance Vis o Rāmin, completed in 1055 or shortly thereafter and dedicated to the Saljuq governor of Isfahan, the ʿAmid Abu’l-Fatḥ Moẓaffar b. Moḥammad.

• GORGIJANIDZE, PARSADAN

  Jemshid Giunashvili

  (1626-1696), a Georgian literary figure and historian who served in the Safavid administration as deputy governor of Isfahan and royal chamberlain.

• GORGIN

  Djalal Khaleghi-Motlagh

  son of Milād, one of the heroes of the reigns of Kay Kāvus and Kay Ḵosrow and the head of the Milād family.

• GORGIN KHAN

  Rudi Matthee

  also known as Giorgio XI and Šāhnavāz Khan II; Georgian prince (d. 1709), who was alternately ruler of Georgia and holder of high positions in the Safavid administration and military.

• GORGIN, IRAJ

  Mandana Zandian

  (1935-2012), radio and television broadcaster, journalist, and the founder of several Persian radio and television networks, whose life and career unfolded in two distinct sociopolitical milieus, in Iran in the two decades that culminated in the Revolution of 1979 and in exile over the subsequent three decades of his life.

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• GORJESTĀN

  Cross-Reference

  See GEORGIA.

• GORUH-E FARHANGI-E HADAF

  Cross-Reference

  See HADAF EDUCATIONAL GROUP.

• GORUH-E FARHANGI-E ḴᵛĀRAZMI

  Cross-Reference

  See ḴᵛĀRAZMI SCHOOLS.

• GORZ

  Jalil Doostkhah

  or gorza, gorz-e gāvsār/sar, lit. "ox-headed club/mace,"  a weapon often mentioned and variously described in Iranian myths and epic. In classical Persian texts, particularly in Ferdowsi’s Šāh-nāma, it is characterized as the decisive weapon of choice in fateful battles.

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• GORZEVĀN

  C. Edmund Bosworth

  a town in the medieval Islamic region of Guzgān in northern Afghanistan.

• GŌŠ YAŠT

  W. W. Malandra

  the title of the ninth Yašt of the Avesta, also known as Drwāsp Yašt, after the goddess Druuāspā (see DRVĀSPĀ) to whom, in fact, it is dedicated.

• GŌSĀN

  Mary Boyce

  a Parthian word of unknown derivation for “poet-musician, minstrel.”

• GOŠASB BĀNU

  Djalal Khaleghi-Motlagh

  or Bānu Gošasb; entitled savār (knight), Rostam’s daughter and the wife of Gēv.

• GŌSFAND

  Cross-Reference

  See GUSFAND.