Table of Contents

  • GRIBOEDOV, ALEXANDER SERGEEVICH

    George Bournoutian

    (b. Moscow, 1794; k. Tehran, 1829), Russian writer, poet, and playwright, whose most famous work is the play Gore ot uma (Woe from wit).

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  • GRIGORIAN, Marcos

    Hengameh Fouladvand

    Iranian-Armenian artist, actor, teacher, gallery owner, and collector who played a pioneering role in the development of Iranian modern art  (1925-2007). As a modernist trendsetter Marco's career began in the 1950s and spanned several countries. By establishing the First Tehran Biennial in 1958 Marco was especially instrumental in opening up channels of communication for Iranian artists.

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  • GRĪW

    Werner Sundermann

    a Middle Iranian word meaning “neck, throat” and “self, soul.”

  • GROTEFEND, GEORG FRIEDRICH

    Rüdiger Schmitt

    (b. Hannoversch-Münden, 1775; d. Hannover, 1853), German philologist and scholar of oriental studies.

  • GROUSSET, RENÉ

    Jacqueline Calmard-Compas

    (b. Aubais, Gard, France, 1885; d. Paris, 1952), French historian who based his wide-ranging research on the studies of the leading French orientalists of his time, and wrote works of synthesis on various aspects of Oriental history and culture.

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  • GRUMBATES

    Cross-Reference

    See CHIONITES.

  • GRUNDRISS DER IRANISCHEN PHILOLOGIE

    Rüdiger Schmitt

    (Encyclopaedia of Iranian Philology; Strassburg, 1895-1904, reprinted Berlin and New York, 1974), the first attempt to summarize the knowledge of all subjects concerning Iran — the languages and literatures, history and culture of Iran and the Iranian peoples — that had been achieved by the end of the 19th century.

  • GRÜNWEDEL, ALBERT

    Werner Sundermann

    (b. Munich, 1856; d. Lenggries, 1935), prominent German Indologist, Tibetologist, art scholar, and archeologist.

  • GRYUNBERG TSVETINOVICH, ALEKSANDR LEONOVICH

    Vladmir Kushev

    (b. St. Petersburg, 1930; d. St. Petersburg, 1995), Russian linguist who specialized in Iranian languages.

  • GUARDIAN COUNCIL

    A. Schirazi

    or Šurā-ye Negahbān; a powerful 12-member council with vast legislative and executive jurisdictions that forms a cornerstone of the Islamic Republic’s Constitution.

  • GUBARU

    Rüdiger Schmitt

    Babylonian rendering of the Iranian name Gaub(a)ruva, which is best known in the Greek form Gōbryas.

  • GUDARZ

    Cross-Reference

    See GŌDARZ.

  • GUEVREKIAN, GABRIEL

    Mina Marefat

    (b. Istanbul, 1900; d. 1970), Armenian avant-garde architect, an influential figure in the development of modern architecture in Persia, linking Persian architects with Europe’s pioneers of the modern movement.

  • GUIDI, IGNAZIO

    Erich Kettenhofen

    (b. Rome, 1844; d. Rome, 1935), prominent Italian orientalist.

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  • GUIDI’S CHRONICLE

    Sebastian P. Brock

    an anonymous, 7th-century chronicle of Nestorian Christians, known also as “the Khuzistan Chronicle,” written in Syriac and covering the period from the reign of the Sasanian Hormizd/Hormoz IV (579-89) to the middle of the 7th century and the time of the early Arab conquests.

  • GUILDS

    Cross-Reference

    See AṢNĀF; CHAMBER OF GUILDS; CHAMBER OF COMMERCE; BĀZĀR iii.

  • GUILLEMIN, MARCELLE

    Anne Draffkorn Kilmer

    (b. Liège, Belgium, 1907; d. Liège, 1997), a well known scholar of ancient Near Eastern organology and ancient music theory.

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  • GUJARAT

    Gavin R. G. Hambly

    (Skt. Gurjaṛ), a province of India on its northwestern coastline.

  • GUJARATI

    K. M. Jamaspasa

    or Gojarati; the mother tongue of Gujaratis, which has been for centuries a vehicle of thought and expression for Hindus, Parsis, and Muslims of Gu-jarat in western India.

  • GUJASTAG ABĀLIŠ

    Cross-Reference

    See ABĀLIŠ.

  • GUKLĀN

    Pierre Oberling

    Turkmen tribal confederacy of the Gorgān region in northeastern Persia, the district of Qara Qalʿa in Turkmenistan, and the Ḵiva region in Uzbekistan.

  • ḠUL

    Mahmoud and Teresa P. Omidsalar

    designation of a fantastic, frightening creature in the Perso-Arabic lore.

  • GULBARGA

    Gavin R. G. Hambly

    or Golbargā; city and district in the central Deccan, India.

  • GULF WAR and PERSIA

    Lawrence G. Potter

    the final conflict, which was initiated with United Nations authorization, by a coalition force from 34 nations against Iraq, with the expressed purpose of expelling Iraqi forces from Kuwait after its invasion and annexion on 2 August 1990.

  • GUMĒZIŠN

    D. N. Mackenzie

    a Middle Persian noun, spelled gwmycšn in Pahlavi and gwmyzyšn in Manichean script, meaning “mixing, mingling, mixture.”

  • GÜNDÜZLÜ

    Cross-Reference

    See TURKIC TRIBES.

  • GUNPOWDER

    Cross-Reference

    See BĀRUT.

  • GUNS, GUNNERY

    Cross-Reference

    See BĀRUT; FIREARMS.

  • GUR

    Cross-Reference

    See ARDAŠIR ḴORRA, FIRUZĀBĀD.

  • ḠUR

    C. Edmund Bosworth

    a region of central Afghanistan, essentially the modern administrative province (welāyat) of Ḡōrāt.

  • GUR-E AMIR

    Cross-Reference

    See SAMARQAND.

  • GUR-E DOḴTAR

    cross-reference

    See BOZPĀR.

  • GURĀN

    Pierre Oberling

    a tribe dwelling in the dehestān of Gurān, between Qaṣr-e Širin and Kermānšāh (Bāḵtarān), in Kurdistan.

  • GURĀNI

    D. N. Mackenzie

    comprises a group of similar North-west Iranian dialects which includes that of Kandula, 25 miles north-north-west of Kermānšāh, and Bāǰalānī, in the region around Zohāb and Qaṣr-e Šīrīn, with an offshoot among the Šabak, Ṣārlī, and Bāǰalān (Bēǰwān) villages east of the city of Mosul in Iraq.

  • GURDZIECKI, BOGDAN

    Rudi Matthee

    known in Persia as Bohtam Beg; Polish envoy of Georgian-Armenian origin and first permanent Polish resident in Safavid Persia (d. Moscow, 1700).

  • ḠURIĀN

    Cross-Reference

    See FUŠANJ.

  • GURKHAN

    Cross-Reference

    See QARA ḴETĀY; CENTRAL ASIA; TITLE OF RULERS.

  • GURUMU

    Cross-Reference

    See BĒṮ GARMĒ.

  • GUŠA

    Jean During

    lit. "corner" or "part"; a term in Persian music designating a unit of melody of variable importance, which occupies a special place in the development of one of the twelve modal systems (dastgāh or āvāz).

  • GUSAN

    Cross-Reference

    See EPICS.

  • GUSFAND

    Jean-Pierre Digard

    sheep, ovine.

  • GUŠYĀR GILĀNI, ABU’L-ḤASAN B. LABBĀN

    David Pingree

    Arabicized Kušyār; an astronomer and mathematician from Gilān, whence his nesba Jili/Gilāni (fl. late 10th-early 11th cent.).

  • GUTIANS

    Marc Van De Mieroop

    name used in ancient Mesopotamian texts to refer to a variety of people, mostly from the Zagros mountain area.

  • GUTSCHMID, HERMANN ALFRED FREIHERR VON

    Ronald E. Emmerick

    (b. Loschwitz near Dresden, 1831; d. Tübingen, 1887), classical scholar and ancient historian with a special interest in the Ancient Near East.

  • GÜYÜK KHAN

    Peter Jackson

    (r. 1246-48), Mongol great khan (qaḡan), given posthumously the regnal title Ting-tsung.

  • GUZAŠTAG ABĀLIŠ

    Cross-Reference

    See ABĀLIŠ.

  • GUZGĀN

    Cross-Reference

    a district of what was in early Islamic times eastern Khorasan, now roughly corresponding to the northwest of modern Afghanistan, adjacent to the frontier with the southeastern fringe of the Turkmenistan Republic. See JOWZJĀN.

  • GWĀTI

    Cross-Reference

    See BALUCHISTAN.

  • GYMNASTICS IN PERSIA

    Cross-Reference

    See Supplement.

  • GYPSUM

    Dietrich Huff

    soft mineral produced from natural gypsum rock by firing in kilns or piles and subsequent pulverization by pounding and grinding.