Table of Contents

• GOBINEAU, Joseph Arthur de

  Jean Calmard

  (1816-1882), French man of letters, artist, polemist, Orientalist, and diplomat, whose influential socio-historical and racial theories were expounded in his writings, and particularly in his Essai sur l’inégalité desraces humaines.

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• GÖBL, ROBERT

  Michael Alram

  (b. Vienna, 1919; d. 1997), Austrian numismatist.

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• GOBRYAS

  Rüdiger Schmitt

  the most widely known (Greek) form of the Old Persian name Gaub(a)ruva, attested for various officers and officials of the Achaemenid period.

• GOD

  Cross-Reference

  See AHURA MAZDĀ; BAGA.

• GODARD, ANDRÉ

  Ève Gran-Aymerich and Mina Marefat

  (b. Chaumont, France, 1881; d. Paris, 1965), French architect, archeologist, art historian, and director of the Archeological Services of Iran (Edāra-ye koll-e ʿatiqāt).

• GŌDARZ

  Mary Boyce, A. D. H. Bivar, A. Shapur Shahbazi

  name of various Iranian historical figures; an Iranian epic hero in wars against the “Turanians” in northeastern Iran; and the scion of a clan of paladins in Iranian traditional history.

• GODIN TEPE

  T. Cuyler Young, Jr.

  or GOWDIN TEPE; an archeological site in the central Zagros, which was occupied from ca. 5,000 to 500 B.C.E. located at 48° 4′ E and 34° 31′ N in the Kangāvar valley, approximately halfway between Hamadān and Kermānšāh.

• GOEJE, Michael Jan de

  Cross-Reference

  See DE GOEJE.

• GOETHE INSTITUTE

  H. E. Chehabi

  in Persia and Afghanistan. Named after the celebrated German poet and writer, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832), the Goethe Institute was founded in 1951 in Munich as a non-profit organization for training foreign teachers of the German language.

• GOETHE, JOHANN WOLFGANG von

  Hamid Tafazoli

  (1749-1832), the most renowned poet of German literature, interested in the East and in Islam.

• ḠOJDOVĀN

  Habib Borjian

  (also Ḡojdavān, Ḡajdovān), town and district in the oasis of Bukhara.

• ḠOJDOVĀNI

  Cross-Reference

   See ʿABD-AL-ḴĀLEQ ḠOJDOVĀNI.

• GÖK TEPE

  Cross-Reference

  See GEOY TEPE.

• GOKARN

  Cross-Reference

  See HAOMA.

• GÖKLEN

  Cross-Reference

  See GUKLĀN.

• GOL

  Hušang Aʿlam

  or gul; rose (Rosa L. spp.) and, by extension, flower, bloom, blossom.

• GOL ḴĀNĀN MORDA

  Bruno Overlaet

  or Gul Khanan Murda; an archeological site in the Eyvān plain, Ilām province (Poštkuh, Lorestān).

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• GOL O BOLBOL

  Layla S. Diba

  lit. “rose and nightingale,” a popular literary and decorative theme. Together, rose and nightingale are the types of beloved and lover par excellence; the rose is beautiful, proud, and often cruel, while the nightingale sings endlessly of his longing and devotion.

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• GOL-ĀQĀ

  EIr

  a weekly satirical magazine founded by Kayumarṯ Ṣāberi which first began publication on 23 October 1990.

• GOL-E GĀVZABĀN

  Cross-Reference

  See GĀVZABĀN.

• GOL-E GOLĀB, ḤOSAYN

  Cross-Reference

  (1895-1985) botanist, musician, poet, scholar, and member of the Farhangestān. See GOL-GOLĀB.

• GOL-E SORḴI, ḴOSROW

  Cross-Reference

  (1943-1974), poet and revolutionary figure whose defiant stand during his televised show trial, and subsequent execution by firing squad in 1974, enshrined his place in the cultural and political history of modern Persia. See GOLSORḴI.

• GOL-E ZARD

  Nassereddin Parvin

  literary, socio-satirical newspaper, published 1918-1924.

• GOL-GOLĀB, ḤOSAYN

  H. Ettehad Baboli

  (b. Tehran, 1895; d. Tehran, 1985), botanist, musician, poet, scholar, and member of the Farhangestān.

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• GOLĀB

  Hušang Aʿlam

  rose water, a distillate (ʿaraq) obtained chiefly from the gol-e moḥammadi, the best-known product made from rose petals in Persia, widely used in sherbets, sweetmeats, as a home medicament, and on some religious occasions.

• GOLĀBI

  Cross-Reference

  See PEAR.

• ḠOLĀM

  Cross-Reference

  See Supplement; on ḡolāms as military slaves, see BARDA AND BARDA-DĀRĪ.

• ḠOLĀM ʿABD-AL-QĀDER NAẒIR

  Cross-Reference

  author of Golestān-e nasab. See NAẒIR.

• ḠOLĀM HAMADĀNI

  Cross-Reference

  author of Taḏkera-ye fārsi and other works. See MOṢḤAFI.

• ḠOLĀM JILĀNI

  Cross-Reference

  poet and author of Dorr-e manẓum. See RAFʿAT.

• ḠOLĀM SARVAR

  Arif Naushahi

  b. Mofti Ḡolām Moḥammad LĀHURI (b. Lahore, 1828; d. near Medina, 1890), historian, hagiographer, and poet in Persian and Urdu.

• ḠOLĀM YAḤYĀ

  Cross-Reference

  See Supplement.

• ḠOLĀM-ʿALI

  Cross-Reference

  See NAQŠBANDI ORDER.

• ḠOLĀM-ʿALI KHAN, AMIR TUMĀN

  Cross-Reference

  See ʿAZĪZ-AL-SOLṬĀN.

• ḠOLĀM-ḤOSAYN KHAN ṢĀḤEB(-E) EḴTIĀR

  Cross-Reference

  See AMĪN-E ḴALWAT.

• ḠOLĀM-ḤOSAYN KHAN SEPAHDĀR

  Cross-Reference

  provincial governor and minister of Nāṣer-al-Din Shah. See SEPAHDĀR.

• ḠOLĀM-ḤOSAYN KHAN ṬABĀṬABĀʾI

  Arif Naushahi

  (b. Delhi, 1727-28, d. after 1781), Sayyed, secretary (monši) by profession, political intermediary, and author of a popular history of India called Siar al-motaʾaḵḵerin.

• ḠOLĀM-REŻĀ ḴOŠNEVIS

  Maryam Ekhtiar

  Eṣfahāni, Mirzā (b. Tehran, 1829/30; d. Tehran, 1886/87), a calligrapher and epigraphist of late 19th-century Persia.

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• ḠOLĀMĀN-E ḴAṢṢA-YE ŠARIFA

  Cross-Reference

  See ʿABBĀS I; BARDA and BARDADĀRĪ v.

• ḠOLĀT

  Heinz Halm

  lit. "exaggerators," sing. ḡāli; an Arabic term originally used by Twelver Shiʿite (eṯnā ʿašariya) heresiographers to designate those dissidents who exaggerate the status of the Imams in an undue manner by attributing to them divine qualities.

• GOLBADAN BĒGOM

  Munibur Rahman

  (ca. 1522/23-1603), daughter of Ẓahir-al-Din Moḥammad Bābor, founder of the Mughal dynasty in India, half sister of Bābor’s successor, Homāyun, and author of Homāyun-nāma, the account of the reign of Homāyun.

• GOLČIN GILĀNI

  Ahmad Karimi-Hakkak and Homa Katouzian

  (b. Rašt, 1910; d. London, 1972), pen name of the poet MAJD-AL-DIN MIR-FAḴRĀʾI. Throughout the 1940s, Golčin sent his compositions to Persia for publication; many appeared in the literary journals of the period, such as Soḵan, Yaḡmā, Armaḡān, Foruḡ, Yādgār, and Jahān-e now.

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• GOLČIN MAʿĀNI, AḤMAD

  Iraj Afshar

  (b. Tehran, 1916; d. Mašhad, 2000), literary scholar, bibliographer, and poet. He held various administrative and judicial posts in the Ministry of Justice (1934-59). His considerable knowledge of literary manuscripts was later put to good use when he was transferred to the Majles Library, where he catalogued the Persian and Arabic manuscripts.

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• GOLD

  James W. Allan

  Persia possesses a number of gold sources—in the northwest (Azerbaijan and Zanjān), near Kāšān at the western edge of the central plateau, and, according to Strabo, in Kermān. Gold sources in Afghanistan are located in Badaḵšān, which is also the source region for lapis lazuli and, possibly, tin. The gold of the Āmu Daryā lies just north of Afghanistan. 

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• GOLDEN HORDE

  Peter Jackson

  name given to the Mongol Khanate ruled by the descendants of Joči (Juji; d. 1226-27), the eldest son of Čengiz (Genghis) Khan.

• GOLDSMID, Major-General Sir Fredrick John

  Denis Wright

  (b. Milan, 1818; d. Hammersmith, England, 1909), British scholar, negotiator and arbitrator of Perso-Afghan boundary dispute.

• GOLESTĀN

  Nassereddin Parvin

  the title of two early 20th-century Persian newspapers.

• GOLESTĀN PALACE

  Cross-Reference

  See KĀḴ-E GOLESTĀN.

• GOLESTĀN PALACE LIBRARY

  Cross-Reference

  See BIBLIOGRAPHIES AND CATALOGUES; ROYAL LIBRARY.

• GOLESTĀN PROVINCE

  Cross-Reference

  See GORGĀN.