Table of Contents
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ĒWĒNBED
Philippe Gignoux
lit. "master of manners"; Pahlavi title attested from the 3rd century C.E.
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EXCAVATIONS
Multiple Authors
i. In Persia, ii. In Afghanistan, iii. In Central Asia, iv. In Chinese Turkestan
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EXCAVATIONS i. In Persia
David Stronach
a diachronic survey of the main patterns of archaeological field research in Persia from the time of the first excavations in the middle of the 19th century to the late l990s.
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EXCAVATIONS ii. In Afghanistan
Warwick Ball
Archeological investigation, both excavation and recording of sites and monuments, began in Afghanistan in the early 19th century. Many of the reports were made by travelers and British Indian Army officers; often passing observations.
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EXCAVATIONS iii. In Central Asia
B. A. LitvinskiĬ
Archeological and architectural monuments of Central Asia are mentioned in reports from the 18th and early 19th centuries. Major archaeological work began only after the Russian conquest of the region; it was first done by amateurs, in particular military officers.
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EXCAVATIONS iv. In Chinese Turkestan
B. A. LitvinskiĬ
In spite of the large number of published archaeological reports, our knowledge about the archaeology of Chinese Turkestan is still incomplete and full of serious lacunae.
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EXEGESIS
Multiple Authors
(Ar. tafsīr), commentary on or interpretation of sacred texts.
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EXEGESIS i. In Zoroastrianism
Philip G. Kreyenbroek
Zoroastrian exegesis consists basically of the interpretation of the Avesta (q.v.). However, the closest equivalent Iranian concept, zand, generally includes Pahlavi texts which were believed to derive from commentaries upon Avestan scripture, but whose extant form contains no Avestan passages.
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EXEGESIS ii. In Shiʿism
Meir M. Bar-Asher
Shiʿite exegetes, perhaps even more than their Sunni counterparts, support their distinctive views by reference to Koranic proof-texts.
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EXEGESIS iii. In Persian
Annabel Keeler
The writing of commentaries on the Koran in Persian seems to have begun during the second half of the 4th/10th century. The principal objective of such tafsīrs was ostensibly to give Persian speakers who were not proficient in Arabic direct access to the exegesis of the Koran.
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EXEGESIS vi. In Aḵbārī and Post-Safavid Esoteric Shiʿism
Todd Lawson
Aḵbārī exegesis of the Koran, the style and content of which are much older than the Safavid period, became during that time a common method of interpreting Islamic scripture.
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EXEGESIS vii. In Bahaism
Todd Lawson
importance of Koranic exegesis (tafsīr) and interpretation (taʾwīl)—a somewhat arbitrary distinction—for the Bābī and Bahai religions may be gathered from the fact that the inception of the former is dated to the commencement of a work of scriptural interpretation, namely the Bāb’s Tafsīr sūrat Yūsof, and that, in many ways, the most important work in the Bahai canon is the Ketāb-e īqān by Bahāʾ-Allāh.
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EXEGESIS viii. Nishapuri School of Quranic Exegesis
Walid A. Saleh
A school of Quranic exegesis was established by three scholars from Nishapur in the 11th century which transformed the genre of tafsir and Quranic sciences and came to be known as the Nishapuri School.
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EXILARCH
Isaiah M. Gafni
(Hebrew resh galuta), the leading authority in the Jewish community in Babylonia.
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EXILE
Cross-Reference
See DEPORTATIONS; DIASPORA.
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EXTRATERRITORIALITY
Cross-Reference
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EXTREMIST SHIʿITES
Cross-Reference
See ḠOLĀT.
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EY IRĀN
Morteza Hoseyni Dehkordi and Parvin Loloi
(O Iran, O bejeweled land), the title of an ardently patriotic hymn of praise to the land of Iran.
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EYES and EARS of KING
Cross-Reference
See COURTS AND COURTIERS.
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EYVĀN
Cross-Reference
See AYVĀN.
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EŻĀFA
John R. Perry and Ali Ashraf Sadeghi
(annexation, suppletion), a grammatical term embracing several types of Persian noun phrase in which the constituents are connected by the enclitic -e/-ye (kasra-ye eżāfa “the eżāfa particle”).
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EZGĪL
Cross-Reference
or AZGĪL. See MEDLAR.
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EZĪRĀN
Sheila S. Blair
a village 32 km southeast of Isfahan on the south bank of the river Zāyandarūd.
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EZNIK OF KOŁB
James R. Russell
or KOŁBACʿI (b. ca. 374-80), Armenian Christian theologian and cleric; his work contains a refutation of the Zoroastrian religion.
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ʿEZRĀ
Cross-Reference
See BIBLE.
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ʿEZRĀ, BOOK OF
J.C. Reeves
canonical biblical book emanating from the early portion of the Second Temple period (515 B.C.E.-70 C.E.) of Jewish history.
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ʿEZRĀ-NĀMA
Amnon Netzer
paraphrased versification of the Book of ʿEzrā containing midrashic and Iranian legends.
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ʿEZRĀʾĪL
Cross-Reference
lit. "Angel of Death." See Supplement (ANGELS).
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ʿEZZ-AL-DAWLA, ʿABD-al-RAŠĪD
C. E. Bosworth
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ʿEZZ-AL-DAWLA, ʿABD-AL-ṢAMAD MĪRZĀ
Kambiz Eslami
In 1872, ʿEzz-al-Dawla became the chieftain of the Qajar tribe, a prestigious albeit ceremonial position that he held for a year. It was in this capacity that he was selected to join Nāṣer-al-Dīn Shah’s entourage on his first tour of Europe in 1873.
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ʿEZZ-AL-DĪN KĀŠĀNĪ, MAḤMŪD
Māšā-Allāh Ajūdānī
b. ʿAlī Naṭanzī (d. 1334-35), an author and Sufi of the early 14th century.
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ʿEZZAT PĀŠĀ, MOḤAMMAD
Tahsın Yazici
(1843-1914), author of a Persian-Turkish dictionary and translator of Persian literary works.
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ʿEZZAT-AL-DAWLA, MALEKAZĀDA ḴĀNOM
Kambiz Eslami
(1834/35-1905), the only full sister of Nāṣer-al-Dīn Shah. The first (1849-52) of her five marriages was as second wife of Mīrzā Taqī Khan Amīr Kabīr. One of her two daughters by him married the crown prince Moẓaffar-al-Din Mirza and bore a son, the future Moḥammad-ʿAlī Shah (r. 1907-09).
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Ebādī Aḥmad
music sample
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Ebrāhīm b. Adham
music sample
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Eqbāl Āḏar, Abu’l Ḥasan Khan Qazvīnī
music sample
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Eydetun mobārak
music sample
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E~ CAPTIONS OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Cross-Reference
list of all the figure and plate images in the letter E entries.