Table of Contents

  • EQBĀL, MANŪČEHR

    Ahmad Ashraf

    (1909-1977), prime minister 1957-60, minister of the Royal Court, head of National Iranian Oil Company, and professor of medicine. He was regarded as an honest and ascetic man. His authoritarian character, obedience and unswerving loyalty to the shah, and political ambition, made him a trusted aide, but not a popular political figure.

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  • EQBĀL-AL-SOLṬĀN

    Cross-Reference

    See EQBĀL ĀḎAR.

  • EQBĀL-NĀMA

    Cross-Reference

    See ESKANDAR-NĀMA-ye NEẒĀMI.

  • ʿEQD-AL-ʿOLĀ

    Cross-Reference

    See AFŻAL-AL-DIN KERMĀNI.

  • EQDĀM

    Nassereddin Parvin

    name of two separate series of a Persian newspaper published and edited in the first half of the twentieth century in Tehran by the journalist, poet, novelist, and translator, ʿAbbās Ḵalīlī.

  • EQLĪD

    C. Edmund Bosworth

    a small town of medieval Fārs, now in the modern rural subdistrict of the same name.

  • EQLĪM

    Cross-Reference

    See CLIME.

  • EQṬĀʿ

    A. K. S. Lambton

    in its various forms one of the most persistent and important tenurial, economic and social institutions of medieval Persia.

  • EQTEṢĀD

    Cross-Reference

    See ECONOMY.

  • ĒR, ĒR MAZDĒSN

    Gherardo Gnoli

    an ethnonym, like Old Persian ariya- and Avestan airya-, meaning “Aryan” or “Iranian.”

  • ERĀDA-YE MELLĪ

    Pīrāya Yaḡmāʾī

    lit. "national will"; a pro-British political party founded on 19 January 1944 by Sayyed Żīāʾ al-Dīn Ṭabāṭabāʾī (1891-1969), a devout anglophile politician and journalist.

  • ĒRĀN, ĒRĀNŠAHR

    D. N. MacKenzie

    ērānšahr properly denotes the empire, while ērān signifies “of the Iranians.”

  • ĒRĀN-ĀMĀRGAR

    Cross-Reference

    See ĀMĀRGAR.

  • ĒRĀN-ĀSĀN-KERD-KAWĀD

    Rika Gyselen

    lit. "Kawād [has] made Ērān peaceful"; name of a Sasanian province (šahr) created by Kawād I (r. 488-531).

  • ĒRĀN-ŠĀD-KAWĀD

    Rika Gyselen

    name of a Sasanian town occurring in post-Sasanian sources only.

  • ĒRĀN-ŠAHR

    Cross-Reference

    See ĒRĀN.

  • ĒRĀN-WĒZ

    D. N. MacKenzie

    the Middle Persian designation of the territory of the Aryans.

  • ĒRĀN-WIN(N)ĀRD-KAWĀ

    Rika Gyselen

    lit. "Kawād[has] arranged Ērān"; name of a Sasanian province (šahrestān) created by Kawād I (r. 488-531) in his reorganization of the empire.

  • ĒRĀN-XWARRAH-ŠĀBUHR

    Rika Gyselen

    lit. "Ērān, glory of Šāpūr"; Sasanian province (šahrestān) containing Susa and probably created by Šāpūr II (r. 309-379).

  • ĒRĀN-XWARRAH-YAZDGERD

    Rika Gyselen

    lit. "Ērān, glory of Yazdegerd"; Sasanian province probably created by Yazdegerd II (438-457).

  • ʿERĀQ

    Jean During

    musical mode mentioned for the first time in the 11th century by Kaykāvūs among some ten modes.

  • ‘Erāq, Nahib, Moḥāyyer, Ašur-āvand, Esfahānak, Ḥazin, Kerešma, Zangule

    music sample

  • ʿERĀQ-E ʿAJAM

    Pardis Minuchehr

    constitutionalist newspaper published in Tehran, 1907-08. 

  • ʿERĀQ-E ʿAJAM(Ī)

    C. Edmund Bosworth

    lit. “Persian Iraq”; the name given in medieval times to the largely mountainous, western portion of modern Persia.

  • ʿERĀQĪ,FAḴR-al-DĪN EBRĀHĪM

    William C. Chittick

    b. Bozorgmehr Javāleqī Hamadānī (b. Komjān, ca. 1213-14, d. Damascus, 1289), Sufi poet and author.

  • ERBEL

    Cross-Reference

    See ARBELA.

  • ERDMANN, KURT

    Jens Kr

    (b. Hamburg, 9 September 1901; d. Berlin, 30 September 1964), leading historian of Sasanian and Islamic art.

  • EREKLE II

    Keith Hitchins

    (1720-1798), king of Kakheti (r. 1744-62) and king of Kartli-Kakheti in Caucasus (r. 1762-98).

  • ƎRƎTI

    William W. Malandra

    the name of a minor goddess, one of a number of abstract deities who appear in the Avesta only in formulaic invocations of divinities.

  • EREVAN

    Erich Kettenhofen, George A. Bournoutian and Robert H. Hewsen

    ancient city and modern capital of the Republic of Armenia. After the Qara Qoyunlu made Erevan the administrative center of the Ararat region in the 15th century, travelers and historians frequently mentioned it as a major city of the region. 

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  • ERĒZ

    Cross-Reference

    See ARZENJĀN.

  • ʿERFĀN (1)

    Gerhard Böwering

    lit. "knowledge"; Islamic theosophy.

  • ʿERFĀN (2)

    Nassereddin Parvin

    title of two Persian magazines and a newspaper.

  • ʿERFĀN, ḤASAN

    Habib Borjian

    Hasan Aliḵonovič Mamadḵonov (b. Samarkand, 3 March 1900; d. 22 June 1973), Tajik translator and writer.

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  • ERGATIVE CONSTRUCTION

    John R. Payne

    The most generally accepted definition of an ergative construction begins with the notion that languages utilize three primitive syntactic relations, referred to as S, A, and O. S is the subject of an intransitive clause, A is the subject of a transitive clause, and O is the object of a transitive clause.

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  • ĒRĪČ MOUNTAIN

    Gherardo Gnoli

    mentioned in a chapter of the Bundahišn devoted to mountains.

  • EROTIC LITERATURE

    Djalal Khaleghi-Motlagh

    expressed in Persian by the neologism "adabīyāt-e erotīk"; not a clearly defined genre, since the concept of what is “erotic” varies considerably from time to time and place to place.

  • ERŠĀD

    Nassereddin Parvin

    title of two Persian newspapers and a magazine.

  • ERŠĀD AL-NESWĀN

    Nassereddin Parvin

    the first women’s periodical in Afghanistan, published weekly in Kabul from 16 March-9 June 1921.

  • ERŠĀD al-ZERĀʿA

    Maria E. Subtelny

    a Persian agricultural manual completed in Herat in 1515 by Qāsem b. Yūsof Abūnaṣrī, who was previously identified in the scholarly literature simply as Fāżel Heravī.

  • ERṮ

    Cross-Reference

    See INHERITANCE.

  • ERUANDAŠAT

    Robert H. Hewsen

    a city in Armenia located on a rocky hill at the juncture of the Akhurean and Araxes rivers.

  • ERZENJĀN

    Cross-Reference

    a town in northeastern Anatolia. See ARZENJĀN.

  • ERZİ, ADNAN SADIK

    Osman G. Özgüdenlı and Mustafa Uyar

    After graduating in 1947, ERZİ began work for the Society of Turkish History as a library and publications specialist. In April 1947 he was appointed the Library Manager of the Faculty of Language and History/Geography at the University of Ankara.

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  • ESʿAD DEDE, MEHMED

    Tahsın Yazici

    Moḥammad Asʿad Dada (b. Salonika, 1841; d. Istanbul, 9 August 1911), Turkish author and Sufi poet of the Mawlawī order.

  • ESʿAD EFENDİ, MEHMED

    Tahsın Yazici

    Moḥammad Asʿad Efendi (b. Istanbul, 14 June 1570; d. Istanbul, 21 June 1625), Ottoman religious figure and author of both Persian and Turkish poetry.

  • ʿEṢĀMĪ, ʿABD-AL-MALEK

    Peter Jackson

    (fl. 1350), Indo-Muslim poet writing in Persian.

  • EŠĀRĀT WA’L-TANBĪHĀT, AL-

    M. E. Marmura

    a late work of Avicenna (Ebn Sīnā, d. 1037), written sometime between 1030 and 1034, which sums up his thought in a language that is often deeply personal and expressive.

  • ESCHATOLOGY

    Multiple Authors

    the branch of theology concerned with final things, i.e., the advent of the savior to defeat evil and the end of the world.

  • ESCHATOLOGY i. In Zoroastrianism and Zoroastrian Influence

    Shaul Shaked

    Faith in the events beyond life on this earth is attested in the Zoroastrian scriptures from the very first, from the Gāθās. This faith developed and became central to later Zoroastrianism so that it colors almost all aspects of the religious life.