Table of Contents
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EḤTEŠĀM-AL-SALṬANA
Mehrdad Amanat
(1863-1936), Mīrzā Maḥmūd Khan ʿAlāmīr Qajar, governor, diplomat, and speaker of the Persian Parliament.
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EḤTĪĀJ
Nassereddin Parvin
weekly newspaper published in Tabrīz by ʿAlīqolī Khan Tabrīzī, known as Ṣafarov, who had distributed political šab-nāmas (lit. "night letters") in 1892.
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EḤYĀ-YEʿOLŪM-AL-DĪN
Cross-Reference
See ḠAZĀLĪ ii.
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EILERS, WILHELM
Rüdiger Schmitt
In 1958 Eilers was appointed to the professorship in Oriental philology at the University of Würzburg. Although he was offered in 1962 the professorship in ancient Near Eastern studies at the University of Vienna, he stayed in Würzburg and taught there until his retirement in 1974.
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EJĀZA
Devin J. Stewart
"lit. permission, license, authorization"; a term describing a variety of academic certificates ranging in length from a few lines to many fascicles.
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EJMĀʿ
Devin J. Stewart
lit. "consensus"; a technical term in Islamic jurisprudence (oṣūl al-feqh).
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EJMIATSIN
S. Peter Cowe
currently designation of three separate but interrelated entities: the cathedral and monastic complex which forms the residence of the supreme patriarch and catholicos of all the Armenians, the city in which this complex is located, and the district of which the latter is the administrative center.
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EJTEHĀD
Aron Zysow
in Shiʿism, an Arabic verbal noun having the literal sense of "exerting effort."
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EJTEMĀʿĪŪN, FERQA-YE
Janet Afary
(FEAM; lit., "Social-Democratic party"), an organization founded in 1905 by Persian emigrants in Transcaucasia with the help of local revolutionaries.
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EKBĀTĀN
Cross-Reference
See ECBATANA.
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EKEŁEACʿ
James Russell
Gk. Akilisēnē, region along the Euphrates in northwest Armenia.
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EKRĀM, MOḤAMMAD
J. Bečka
or Ekrom, b. ʿAbd-al-Salām (1847-1925), known as Dāmollā Ekrāmče, a Bukharan scholar and madrasa teacher.
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EKRĀMĪ, JALĀL
J. Bečka
or Jalol Ikromī (1909-93), considered to be Tajikistan’s most important fiction writer and playwright of the Soviet period.
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EḴŠĪD
F. Grenet and N. Sims-Williams
Arabo-Persian form of a Sogdian royal title attested in Sogdian script as (ʾ)xšyδ and in Manichean script as (ʾ)xšy(y)δ.
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EKSĪR
Cross-Reference
See KĪMĪĀ.
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EḴTESĀN, TĀJ-AL-MOLK MOḤAMMAD
Iqtidar Husain Siddiqi
b. Aḥmad b. Ḥasan ʿAbdūsī Dehlavī (1300-51), author in Persian and secretary (dabīr) at the courts of the Tughluqid sultans Ḡīāṯ-al-Dīn Tōḡloq and his son Ḡīāṯ-al-Dīn Mo-ḥammad.
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EḴTĪĀR MONŠĪ, ḴᵛĀJA
W. Thackston
(fl. mid 10th/16th cent.), a master calligrapher of the chancery taʿlīq style from Herat.
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EḴTĪĀR-AL-DĪN
Maria Eva Subtelny
the citadel of Herat located on an elevation adjacent to the north wall of the old city and actually consisting of two parts, the stronghold proper—a rectangle of fired brick and a larger area to the west of unfired brick—that were originally buttressed by 25 towers which reflect various periods of construction.
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EḴTĪĀRĀT
David Pingree
lit. "choices, elections"; a term used in Islamic divination and astrology in at least four principle meanings.
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EḴWĀN AL-MOSLEMĪN, JAMʿĪYAT AL-
Rudi Matthee
lit. "Society of Muslim brethren"; the first modern religio-political movement in the Islamic world, founded in 1928 by Ḥasan Bannāʾ in Esmāʿīlīya Egypt.