Table of Contents

• EʿTEDĀLĪ, ḤEZB-E

  Cross-Reference

  See EJTEMĀʿĪYŪN.

• EʿTEMĀD-AL-DAWLA

  Cross-Reference

  lit. “Confidant of the State”; an important title given to people in the administration favored by the court.

• EʿTEMĀD-AL-DAWLA, ĀQĀ KHAN NŪRĪ

  Abbas Amanat

  , MĪRZĀ (1807-1865), prime minister (ṣadr-e aʿẓam) of Persia (1851-58) under Nāṣer-al-Dīn Shah Qajar. Though relatively young when he took office, he represented the old school of Qajar statecraft. His very appearance, with a long beard, ornamented robes, and lavish entourage, as well as his love of  titles, decorations and other emblems of power, and court protocol, all conjured up images of Fatḥ-ʿAlī Shah’s (d. 1834) era.

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• EʿTEMĀD-AL-DAWLA, EBRĀHĪM KALĀNTAR

  Cross-Reference

  See EBRĀHĪM KALĀNTAR.

• EʿTEMĀD-AL-DAWLA, GĪĀṮ-AL-DĪN MOḤAMMAD BEG TEHRĀNĪ

  Cross-Reference

  Gīāṯ-al-Dīn Moḥammad Tehrānī (d. 1622), prime minister of the Mughal emperor Jahāngīr and father of the emperor’s wife, Nūr Jahān. See GĪĀṮ BEG.

• EʿTEMĀD-AL-SALṬANA, MOḤAMMAD-ḤASAN KHAN MOQADDAM MARĀḠAʾĪ

  Abbas Amanat

  or ṢANĪʿ-AL-DAWLA (1843-1896), Qajar statesman, scholar, and author.

• EʿTEṢĀMĪ, MĪRZĀ YŪSOF KHAN ĀŠTĪĀNĪ, EʿTEṢĀM-AL-MOLK

  Heshmat Moayyad

  (b. Tabrīz, 1874; d. Tehran, 1938), Persian writer and journalist.

• EʿTEṢĀMĪ, PARVĪN

  Heshmat Moayyad

  (b. Tabrīz, 1907; d. Tehran, 1941), 20th-century female poet, daughter of the journalist and man of letters Yūsof Eʿteṣāmī.

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• EʿTEŻĀD-AL-DAWLA

  Cross-Reference

  See SOLAYMĀN KHAN QĀJĀR QOVĀNLŪ.

• EʿTEŻĀD-AL-SALṬANA, ʿALĪQOLĪ MĪRZĀ

  Abbas Amanat

  (1822-1880), first minister of sciences (ʿolūm, meaning education) of the Qajar period and a scholar.

• ETHÉ, CARL HERMANN

  J. T. P. de Bruijn

  (1844-1917), German orientalist known for his catalogues of Islamic manuscripts and his studies and German translations of Persian poetry. His name lives on through the monumental catalogues of the Bodleian and the India Office collections, rich mines of information on all aspects of classical Persian literature.

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• ETHICS

  C.-H. de Fouchıcour

  a body of practical moral doctrine was elaborated as part of the earliest development of Persian literature, at which time considerable reflection was devoted to topics ranging from morals to ethics, from the exhortation not to harm one’s fellow creature to the search for the meaning of life.

• ETHIOPIA

  E. van Donzel

  Ethiopia (OPers. Kuša-) was located on the western fringe of the Achaemenid empire. The Ethiopians (OPers. Kušiyā; Gr. Aithí-opes “with [sun]burnt faces”) are named among the peoples of the Persian Empire and are included at the end of Herodotus’s satrapy list. 

• ETHNOGRAPHY (Text)

  Brian Spooner

  , the basic field research method in anthropology. Apart from ancient and medieval travelers such as Herodotus (mid-5th century BCE), Marco Polo (late 13th century) and Clavijo (early 15th century), the record of close, firsthand observation by foreigners in the Iranian region begins with the reports of travelers to the Safavid Court in the sixteenth century.

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• ETHNOGRAPHY (Bibliography)

  Brian Spooner

  For cited works not given in detail, see “Short References.” Priority has been given to coverage of ethnographic data based on long-term participant observation, but other  ethnographically significant sources are also listed, including some based on shorter works, some by travelers from before the emergence of professional ethnography, and some from scholars trained in related fields such as folklore, linguistics and cultural geography.

• ETIQUETTE

  Nancy H. Dupree

  (Pers. nazākat, ādāb-e moʿāšarat), defined as the observance of conventional decorum particularly among the elite, is itself part of the wider topic of adab.

• EṮNĀ-ʿAŠARĪYA

  Cross-Reference

  See SHIʿITE DOCTRINE; SHIʿITE DOCTRINE ii. Hierarchy in the Imamiyya.

• ʿEṬR

  Cross-Reference

  See ʿAṬR.

• ETTEFĀQ

  Nassereddin Parvin

  title of five Persian newspapers.

• ETTEFĀQ-E ESLĀM

  Nassereddin Parvin

  lit. “Islamic Solidarity"; a weekly government newspaper which began publication in Herat as of 24 August 1920; renamed Faryād in November 1922.

• ETTEFĀQ-E KĀRGARĀN

  Nassereddin Parvin

  a daily newspaper published by the striking print-workers union in Tehran in 1910, one of the first labor or socialist newspaper published in Persia.

• ETTEḤĀD

  Nassereddin Parvin

  title of eleven Persian language newspapers.

• ETTEHĀD-E ESLĀM

  Cross-Reference

  See KUČEK KHAN.

• ETTEHĀDĪYA, ŠERKAT-E

  Mansoureh Ettehadiyeh Nezam-Mafi

  an exchange company (ṣarrāfī) founded in Tabrīz in 1887 by the brothers Ḥājī ʿAlī and Ḥājī Mahdī Kūzakanānī in partnership with two local money changers, Sayed Mortażā and Ḥājī Loṭf-ʿAlī, and other Tabrīzī merchants.

• EṬṬELĀʿ

  Nassereddin Parvin

  title of a Persian newspaper and a magazine.

• EṬṬELĀʿĀT

  Nasserddin Parvin

  lit. “information, knowledge”; the oldest running Tehran afternoon daily newspaper and the oldest running Persian daily in the world. It was first published on 10 July 1926 as the organ of Markaz-e Eṭṭelāʿāt-e Īrān, the first Persian news agency.

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• ETTINGHAUSEN, RICHARD

  Priscilla P. Soucek

  (1906-79), a German-born and educated scholar specializing in the study of Islamic art.

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• EUCRATIDES

  Paul Bernard

  name of two Greco-Bactrian kings: (1) Eucratides I (r. 170-145 B.C.E.), one of the last and most powerful of the Greco-Bactrian kings and (2) Eucratides II, another Greco-Bactrian king, (r. 145-140 B.C.E.) known only through his coinage.

• EUGENIUS

  Nicholas Sims-Williams

  or MĀRAWGEN; legendary Christian saint traditionally credited with the introduction of Egyptian monasticism into Mesopotamia and Persia.

• EULAEUS RIVER

  Cross-Reference

  See KARḴA.

• EUNUCHS

  Monsutti

  castrated males who were in charge of the concubines of royal harems, served in the daily life of the court, and sometimes carried out administrative functions.

• EUPHRATES

  Samuel N. C. Lieu

  together with the Tigris, historically and geographically constituting one of the most important river-systems in the Near East.

• EUROPE, PERSIAN IMAGE OF

  Rudi Matthee

  To Persians, as to other Muslim peoples, Europe was long synonymous with Christendom and was thus closely associated with Rūm, the realm of Byzantium or eastern Christianity.

• EUSEBIUS OF CAESAREA

  Philip Huyse

  (260-339), Greek ecclesiastical historian and theologian.

• EUSTATHIUS, ACTS of

  Nicholas Sims-Williams

  Christian martyrological text, of which versions survive in many languages, including Greek, Latin, Syriac, and Armenian.

• EUTHYDEMUS

  A. D. H. Bivar

  name of two Greek kings of Bactria: (1) Euthydemus I (ca. 230-200 B.C.E.), considered the real founder of the Greco-Bactrian kingdom and (2) Euthydemus II (ca. 190-185 B.C.E.), presumably the second son of Euthydemus I, or less probably eldest son of Demetrius I.

• EUTROPIUS

  Samuel N. C. Lieu

  Roman administrator and historian, probably from Bordeaux, who accompanied the emperor Julian the Apostate on his ill-fated Persian expedition in 363.

• EUTYCHIUS of Alexandria

  Sidney H. Griffith and EIr

  (877-940), Christian physician and historian whose Annales (written in Arabic and called Ketāb al-tārīḵ al-majmūʿ ʿalā’l-taḥqīq wa’l-taṣdīq or Naẓm al-jawhar) is a rich repository of much otherwise unobtainable information about the history of Syria, Palestine, and Egypt, especially in the periods of Persian occupation in the seventh century and in Islamic times up to the early tenth century.

• EV-OḠLĪ family

  Kathryn Babayan

  (or Īv-ōḡlī), name of a family that served three Safavid kings (ʿAbbās I, Ṣafī, and ʿAbbās II) as ešīk-āqāsī-bāšī of the harem, for a period of twenty-seven years (1617-43).

• EV-OḠLĪ, ḤAYDAR BEG

  K. Allin Luther

  or Īv-ōḡlī, b. Abu’l-Qāsem, a court official of the later Safavid period.

• EVAGRIUS PONTICUS

  Nicholas Sims-Williams

  (346-399 C.E.), prolific author of Christian literature in Greek.

• EVANGELICAL CHURCH OF IRAN

  Cross-Reference

  See CHRISTIANITY viii. Christian Missions in Persia.

• EVANGELION

  Cross-Reference

  See ANGALYŪN; MĀNĪ; MANICHEISM.

• EVIL

  Etan Kohlberg

  wickedness, harm, ill fortune.

• EVIL EYE

  Cross-Reference

  See ČAŠM-ZAḴM.

• EVIL MIND

  Cross-Reference

  See AKŌMAN.

• EVĪN PRISON

  Forthcoming

  See Supplement.

• EVOLUTION

  based on a longer article by ʿAbd-al-Ḥosayn ZarrĪnkūb

  (takāmol, taḥawwol), a family of ideas embodying the belief that the physical universe and living organisms have developed in a process of continuous change from a lower, simpler to a higher, more complex state.

• EWEN NĀMAG

  Cross-Reference

  See ĀʾĪN-NĀMA.

• ĒWĒNBED

  Philippe Gignoux

  lit. "master of manners"; Pahlavi title attested from the 3rd century C.E.