Table of Contents

• ʿENĀYAT-ALLĀH KANBO

  Iqtidar Husain Siddiqi

  (b. Burhanpur, 31 August 1608; d. Delhi, 23 September 1671), Sufi and scholar, descendant of an old respected Lahore family that had converted to Islam in Punjab.

• ENCYCLOPAEDIA IRANICA

• ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF ISLAM

  Elton L. Daniel

  a reference work of fundamental importance on topics dealing, according to its self-description, with “the geography, ethnography and biography of the Muhammadan peoples.”

• ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF TAJIKISTAN

  Cross-Reference

  See ĖNTSIKLOPEDIYAI SOVETII TOJIK.

• ENCYCLOPAEDIAS, PERSIAN

  Živa Vesel and Hūšang Aʿlam

  OVERVIEW of the entry: i. Premodern, ii. Modern.

• ENDOWMENT

  Cross-Reference

  On charitable endowments (waqf), at present see  AMLĀK, ḴĀṢṢA.

  Regarding institutions, see CHARITABLE FOUNDATIONS. See under individual entries, such as BONYĀD-E FARHANG-E ĪRĀN; BONYĀD-E ŠAHĪD; BONYĀD-E ŠĀH-NĀMA-YE FERDOWSĪ.

• ENGLAND

  Cross-Reference

  See GREAT BRITAIN.

• ENGLISH i. Persian Elements in English

  D. N. Mackenzie

  OVERVIEW of the entry: i. Persian elements in English. ii. Persian influences in English and American literature. iii. Translations of classical Persian literature. iv. Translations of modern Persian literature. v. i. Translations of English literature into Persian.

• ENGLISH ii. Persian Influences in English and American Literature

  John D. Yohannan

  Although academic Persian studies may be said to have begun in England in the early 17th century, it was not until the late 18th century that the Persian poets began to be read in English translations. 

• ENGLISH iii. Translations Of Classical Persian Literature

  Michael Beard

  fall initially into two categories. There is a group of texts whose purpose is to convey the information of the original in discrete units, most useful with prose or narrative poetry and not necessarily “literary.” There are other translations designed to carry over the formal elements of a literary text.

• ENGLISH iv. Translations Of Modern Persian Literature

  Michael Beard

  Modernist literature in Persia can be said to develop gradually throughout the 19th century, but for English readers it begins abruptly, shortly after the Constitutional revolution, with the translations of Edward Browne.

• ENGLISH v. Translation Of English Literature into Persian

  Karīm Emāmi

  The first texts translated from English into Persian were diplomatic exchanges and bilateral treaties.

• ENJAVĪ ŠĪRĀZĪ, SAYYED ABU’L-QĀSEM

  Ulrich Marzolph

  (b. Shiraz, 1921; d. Tehran, 16 September 1993), eminent Persian folklorist.

• ENJĪL

  Cross-Reference

  See BIBLE.

• ENJŪ

  Cross-Reference

  See INJU DYNASTY.

• ENOCH

  Cross-Reference

  See AḴNŪḴ.

• ENOCH, BOOKS OF

  J. C. Reeves

  attributed to the seventh antediluvian biblical patriarch Enoch (Genesis 5.21-24), which show Iranian influence.

• ENQELĀB-E ESLĀMĪ

  Cross-Reference

  See REVOLUTION OF 1978-79.

• ENQELĀB-E ESLĀMĪ NEWSPAPER

  Nassereddin Parvin

  a newspaper published by Abu’l-Ḥasan Banī-Ṣadr and supporting his political views. 

• ENQELĀB-E MAŠṞUṬĪYĀ

  Cross-Reference

  See CONSTITUTIONAL REVOLUTION.

• ENQELĀB-E SAFĪD

  Cross-Reference

  See WHITE REVOLUTION.

• ENŠĀʾ

  Jürgen Paul

  lit. "composition"; the process of creating or composing something as well as the result of this process and the rules of the art; it denotes a genre of prose literature, copies, drafts, or specimens of official and private correspondence.

• ENŠĀʾ-ALLĀH KHĀN, SAYYED

  M. Asif Naim Siddiqui

  (b. Moršedābād, 1756; d. Lucknow, 1818), Urdu-Persian poet and writer.

• ENSĀN-E KĀMEL

  Gerhard Böwering

  lit. "the Perfect Human Being"; a key idea in the philosophy and ethics of Islamic mysticism.

• ENTEBĀH

  L. P. ELWELL-SUTTON

  lit. “Awakening”; a Persian newspaper published in Karbalā, Iraq, in 1914 by Mīrzā ʿAlī Āqā Šīrāzī Labīb-al-Molk, editor of Moẓaffarī published in Būšehr and Mecca.

• ENTEẒĀM, ʿABD-ALLĀH and NAṢR-ALLĀH

  Fakhreddin Azimi

  two brothers active in 20th-century Persian politics. ʿAbd-Allāh (1895-1983), as a career diplomat, served in various posts, including minister of foreign affairs. Naṣr-Allāh (1899-1980) held a series of ministerial posts under Moḥammad Reżā Shah, including the ambassadorship to the United States.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• ĖNTSIKLOPEDIYAI SOVETII TOJIK

  H. Borjian

  (Tajik Soviet Encyclopedia), the first general encyclopedia of Tajikistan, published in the Tajik Persian language and Cyrillic alphabet (8 vols., Dushanbe, 1978-88).

• ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

  Eskandar Firouz, Daniel Balland

  efforts to protect natural resources, wildlife, and ecosystems and to control pollution. In Persia conservation consciousness began, as it so often does, with concern for wildlife.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• ENZELI

  Cross-Reference

  See ANZALĪ.

• EPHESUS, SEVEN SLEEPERS OF

  Nicholas Sims-Williams

  Christian legend attested by texts in many languages.

• EPHRAIM KHAN

  Cross-Reference

  See EPʿREM KHAN.

• EPICS

  François de Blois

  narrative poems of legendary and heroic content.

• EPIDEMICS

  Cross-Reference

  See PLAGUES.

• EPIGRAM

  J. T. P. de Bruijn

  originally a Greek word meaning “inscription” and denoting in Western literatures a genre of short poems characterized by their contents and style rather than by a specific prosodic form.

• EPIGRAPHY

  Multiple Authors

  the study of inscriptions, particularly their collection, decipherment, interpretation, dating, and classification.

• EPIGRAPHY i. Old Persian and Middle Iranian epigraphy

  Helmut Humbach

  Iranian epigraphy of the pre-Islamic period covers mainly inscriptions in the Old and Middle Iranian languages. Old and Middle Persian inscriptions span by far the longest period of time, from the Bīsotūn inscription until the early Islamic period.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• EPIGRAPHY ii. Greek inscriptions from ancient Iran

  Philip Huyse

  In April 1815 the Prussian Akademie der Wissenschaften in Berlin enthusiastically accepted the proposal by August Boeckh to produce a comprehensive thesaurus of inscriptions that would include all Greek inscriptional material published to date.

• EPIGRAPHY iii. Arabic inscriptions in Persia

  Sheila S. Blair

  In Persia, as in other Islamic lands, Arabic was the basic language for religious texts on buildings and objects. In the early Islamic period these texts were usually written in some variant of the angular script known as Kufic. From the 12th century inscriptions in Persian became more common.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• EPIGRAPHY iv. Safavid and later inscriptions

  Sussan Babaie

  The principal characteristic of epigraphy in Persia after the advent of the Safavids (1501) is the emphasis on Persian poetry and pious Shiʿite texts with an iconographic potency and deliberate frequency hitherto unknown. Arabic remained the language of koranic and Hadith quotations while Persian became increasingly prominent.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• EPIGRAPHY v. Inscriptions from the Indian subcontinent

  Ziyaud-Din A. Desai

  The systematic survey and study of Perso-Arabic epigraphy of the Indian subcontinent is not even half a century old.

• EPIPHANIUS

  Jacques Duchesne-Guillemin

  (b. Eleutheropolis, Judaea, ca. 315; d. Constantia, Cyprus), bishop of Constantia on Cyprus, founded on the remains of Salamis.

• EPISCOPAL

  Hassan B. Dehqani-Tafti

  a diocese of the Episcopal Church in Jerusalem and the Middle East, one of thirty-seven independent churches of the worldwide Anglican Communion.

• EPISTLES OF MANI

  Cross-Reference

  See MANICHEISM.

• EPISTOLARY STYLE

  Cross-Reference

  See CORRESPONDENCE.

• EPʿREM KHAN

  Aram Arkun

  Pers. Yeprem/Efrem (1868-1912), Armenian revolutionary and important military leader of the Constitutional Revolution. He uneasily reconciled his beliefs with his position as police chief of Tehran, resigning and returning to office several times.  On 24 December 1911, he shut down the parliament to comply with a Russian ultimatum, and this marked the close of Persia’s Constitutional Revolution.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• EQBĀL

  Cross-Reference

  a newspaper. See EḤTĪĀJ.

• EQBĀL ĀḎAR, ABU’L-ḤASAN KHAN QAZVĪNĪ

  Moḥammad-Taqī Masʿudiya

  or EQBĀL-AL-SOLṬĀN (b. Alvand, near Qazvīn, ca. 1869; d. Tabrīz, probably 1973), singer of Persian traditional music.

• EQBĀL ĀŠTĪĀNĪ, ʿABBĀS

  Īraj Afšār

  During his years at Dār al-fonūn, Eqbāl came to know such litterati as Moḥammad-ʿAlī Forūḡī, Abu’l-Ḥasan Forūḡī, Mortażā Najmābādī, ʿAbd-al-ʿAẓīm Qarīb, Ḡolām-Ḥosayn Rahnemā, and ʿAbd-al-Razzāq Bōḡāyerī, under whose influence he embarked on a career of scholarship that continued until his death.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• EQBĀL LĀHŪRĪ, MOḤAMMAD

  Cross-Reference

  See IQBAL, MUHAMMAD.

• EQBĀL PUBLISHERS

  Cross-Reference

  See PUBLISHERS.