Table of Contents

  • ʿALĀʾ-AL-DĪN ʿALĪ MOTTAQĪ

    Cross-Reference

    See ʿALĪ MOTTAQĪ.

  • ʿALĀʾ-AL-DĪN BĪRJANDĪ

    E. Baer

    a metalworker who lived between the late 15th and the early 16th century.

  • ʿALĀʾ-AL-DĪN ḤOSAYN JAHĀNSŪZ

    C. E. Bosworth

    called JAHĀNSŪZ, Ghurid sultan and the first ruler of the Šansabānī family to make the Ghurids a major power in the eastern Islamic world (544-56/1149-61).

  • ʿALĀʾ-AL-DĪN ḴALJĪ

    N. H. Zaidi

    sultan of Delhi (r. 695-715/1296-1316). 

  • ʿALĀʾ-AL-DĪN MOḤAMMAD

    R. Quiring-Zoche

    naqīb of Isfahan in the Timurid period and ancestor of prominent religious-legal dignitaries of the Safavid period. 

  • ʿALĀʾ-AL-DĪN MOḤAMMAD

    B. Lewis

    chief of the Ismaʿilis of Alamūt (d. 1255).

  • ʿALĀʾ-AL-DĪN MOḤAMMAD

    C. E. Bosworth

    Ḵᵛārazmšāh who reigned in Transoxania and central and eastern Iran as well as in Ḵᵛārazm, (596-617/1200-20).

  • ʿALĀʾ-AL-DĪN MOḤAMMAD BOḴĀRĪ

    Cross-Reference

    See BOḴĀRĪ.

  • ʿALĀʾ-AL-DĪN MONAJJEM

    Cross-Reference

    See ʿALĪŠĀH BOḴĀRĪ.

  • ʿALĀʾ-AL-DĪN SAMARQANDĪ

    W. Madelung

    Ḥanafī jurist and Mātorīdī theologian.

  • ʿALĀʾ-AL-MOLK, ḤĀJJĪ

    Ḥ. Maḥbūbī Ardakānī

    (d. 23 Jomādā II 1308/4 February 1891), holder of various offices under Nāṣer-al-dīn Shah.

  • ʿALĀʾ-AL-MOLK

    Ḥ. Maḥbūbī Aardakānī

    son of Mīrzā ʿAlī Aṣḡar Mostawfī, governor and minister in the later Qajar period (1258-1344/1842-1925).

  • ʿALĀʾ-AL-SALṬANA

    BĀQER ʿĀQELI

    prime minister and diplomat of the late Qajar period (d. 1918).  Upon the proclamation of the Constitution in 1907, he was appointed minister of foreign affairs. During the post-constitutional period he was a member of most cabinets, until in 1913 he was appointed prime minister.

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  • ʿALĀʾ-AL-SALṬANA

    Ḥ. Maḥbūbī Ardakānī

    Displeased with Malkom Khan, the Iranian minister in London, the Shah replaced him with Moḥammad-ʿAlī Khan; at this point he received the title ʿAlāʾ-al-salṭana. During the constitutional period he was back in Iran as a member of various cabinets. In January, 1913 he became prime minister, a position he enjoyed for seven months.

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  • ALA-FIRENG

    Cross-Reference

    See ALĀFRANK.

  • ALĀFRANK

    D. O. Morgan

    or ALA-FIRENG, the eldest son of the Il-khan Geiḵatu (r. 690-94/1291-95).

  • ʿALĀʾI, ŠOʿĀʿ-ALLĀH

    Firuz Kazemzadeh

    (1899-1984), prominent government official and a leading Bahai.

  • ALAK-DOLAK

    H. Javadi

    the game of tipcat, played for centuries in Iran, Afghanistan, and surrounding countries.

  • ʿĀLAM II, SHAH

    S. S. Alvi

    Mughal emperor (1173-1253/1759-1806).

  • ʿALAM KHAN

    J. R. Perry

    viceroy of the Afsharid state of Khorasan, 1161-68/1748-54.  

  • ʿALAM VA ʿALĀMAT

    J. Calmard, J. W. Allan

    In both Arabic and Persian, the word ʿalam conveys various senses connected with the general meaning of a distinctive sign or mark. In Persian the word had early carried the meaning of ensign and of standard or flag. The same meanings may also be rendered by the word ʿalāma, which derives from the same root.

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  • AʿLAM, HUŠANG

    Mehran Afshari and EIr

    (1928-2007), scholar of the history of science. 

  • ʿALAM, Moḥammad Ebrāhim

    Hormoz Davarpanah

    (1881-1944), one of the most eminent local magnates and landowners of the late Qajar and early Pahlavi period.

  • AʿLAM, MOẒAFFAR

    Baqer Aqeli

    Sardār Enteṣār (1882-1973), provincial governor, minister of foreign affairs, military minister plenipotentiary. 

  • AʿLAM-AL-DAWLA

    cross reference

    See ṮAQAFĪ, ḴALĪL KHAN.

  • ʿALAM-AL-HODĀ

    W. Madelung

    leading Imamite scholar, man of letters, and naqīb (syndic) of the Talibids in Baghdad.

  • ʿĀLAM-E NESVĀN

    L. P. Elwell-Sutton

    a magazine founded in Mīzān 1299 Š./September 1920, one of the earliest periodicals published by and for women.

  • ʿĀLAMĀRĀ-YE ʿABBĀSĪ

    R. M. Savory

    a Safavid chronicle written by Eskandar Beg Monšī (1560-1632). 

  • ʿĀLAMĀRĀ-YE ŠĀH ESMĀʿĪL

    R. McChesney

    an anonymous narrative of the life of Shah Esmāʿīl (r. 907-30/1501-24), the founder of the Safavid dynasty in Iran.

  • ʿALĀMĀT-E ŻOHŪR

    Cross-Reference

    See APOCALYPTIC.

  • ALAMŪT

    B. Hourcade

    a high, isolated valley in the Alborz 35 km northeast of Qazvīn, the center of an autonomous Ismaʿili state.

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  • ALAMŪT DIALECTS

    Cross-Reference

    See QAZVĪN DIALECTS.

  • ALANS

    V. I. Abaev, H. W. Bailey

    an ancient Iranian tribe of the northern (Scythian, Saka, Sarmatian, Massagete) group, known to classical writers from the first centuries CE.

  • ĀLĀT

    F. M. Kotwal and J. W. Boyd

    “utensils,” for Parsis the “sacred apparatus” employed in Zoroastrian rituals. 

  • ALAVI, BOZORG

    Ḥasan Mirʿābedini

    (1904-1997), leftist writer and one of the most noted Persian novelists of the 20th century, whose works were banned in Iran from 1953 to 1979.

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  • ʿALAWAYH

    D. M. Dunlop

    AL-AʿSAR (“the Left-handed”), a noted singer at the ʿAbbasid court under Hārūn al-Rašīd and his successors, ca. 184-230/800-54.

  • ʿALAWĪ

    W. Kadi

    the nesba used to denote descendants, political states, or sects connected with one or another ʿAli; more particularly, it is employed to refer to a Shiʿite sect centered today in Syria.

  • ʿALAWĪ, ABD-AL-KARĪM

    Cross-Reference

    See ʿABD-AL-KARĪM ʿALAVĪ.

  • ʿALAWĪ, AḤMAD

    Cross-Reference

    See AḤMAD ʿALAWĪ.

  • ʿALAWĪS

    Cross-Reference

    OF ṬABARESTĀN, DAYLAMĀN, AND GĪLĀN. See ʿALIDS.

  • ʿALAWĪYAT AL-AʿSAR

    Cross-Reference

    See ʿALAWAYH.

  • ĀLBĀLŪ

    A. Parsa

    (or ĀLŪBĀLŪ), sour cherry (Cerasus vulgaris), a tree of western Asia and eastern Europe.

  • ALBANIA

    M. L. Chaumont

    an ancient country in the Caucasus (for Albania in Islamic times, see Arrān). 

  • ALBORZ

    Multiple Authors

    modern Persian name for the east-west massif in northern Iran, lying south of the Caspian districts.

  • ALBORZ i. The Name

    W. Eilers

    etymology and meaning.

  • ALBORZ ii. In Myth and Legend

    M. Boyce

    stories about the Alborz mountains in Iran and Zorastrianism.

  • ALBORZ iii. Geography

    M. Bazin, E. Ehlers, B. Hourcade

    physical relief, geology, geomorphology, climate, flora, demography and economy of the Alborz massif.

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  • ALBORZ COLLEGE

    Y. Armajani

    an American Presbyterian missionary institution in Tehran; starting as a grade school in 1873, it grew to a junior college in 1924 and an accredited liberal arts college by 1928. In 1940 it was closed and its property bought by the government of Iran.

  • ALBUQUERQUE, ALFONSO DE

    J. Aubin

    (ca. 1460-1515), admiral in the Indian Ocean (1504, 1506-08), second governor of Portuguese India (1509-15), a great conqueror, and the real founder of the Portuguese empire in the Orient.

  • ALCHASAI

    J. P. Asmussen

    a sectarian in the early Christian Church, 1st-2nd centuries CE, in the time of Trajan.