Table of Contents

  • ʿALIDS

    W. Madelung

    OF ṬABARESTĀN, DAYLAMĀN, AND GĪLĀN. From its beginnings in 250/864 until the early Safavid age, ʿAlid rule in the coastal regions south of the Caspian Sea was based chiefly on Zaydī Shiʿite support.

  • ʿALĪKOŠ

    F. Hole

    an archeological site dating to the 8th millennium B.C. in southwestern Iran, near the modern town of Deh Lorān.

  • ʿALĪŠĀH BOḴĀRĪ

    D. Pingree

    7th/13th century astronomer.

  • ʿALĪŠĀH, TĀJ-AL-DĪN

    B. Spuler

    vizier of the two Il-khans Ölǰeytü (r. 703-17/1304-16) and Abū Saʿīd (r. 717-36/1317-35).

  • ʿALĪTIGIN

    C. E. Bosworth

    the usual name in the sources for ʿALĪ B. ḤASAN or HĀRŪN BOḠRA KHAN, member of the Hasanid or eastern branch of the Qarakhanid family, ruler in Transoxania during the early 5th/11th century (d. 425/1034).

  • ALIZADEH, Ghazaleh

    Ḥasan Mirʿābedini

    (1947-1996), noted novelist and short story writer.

    This Article Has Images/Tables.
  • ʿALLĀF

    Cross-Reference

    See ABU’L-HOḎAYL.

  • ALLĀH-QOLĪ KHAN ĪLḴĀNĪ

    A. Amanat

    Qajar notable (ca. 1236-1309/1820-1892).

  • ALLAHABAD

    Z. A. Desai

    Major city and headquarters of a district of the same name in Uttar Pradesh, India at the confluence of the Ganges and Yamuna rivers.

  • ALLĀHDĪĀ ČEŠTĪ

    G. Sarwar

    Mughal author of Sīar al-aqṭāb, a biography of the masters of the Ṣāberī Češtī Sufi order (17th century).

  • ALLĀHO AKBAR, KŪH-E

    E. Ehlers

    a mountain range that forms part of the northern rim of the Khorasan trench in northeastern Iran, to the north of the city of Qūčān.  

  • ALLĀHVERDĪ KHAN (1)

    R. M. Savory

    (d.1022/1613), a Georgian ḡolām who rose to high office in the Safavid state. 

  • ALLĀHVERDĪ KHAN (2)

    C. Fleischer

    (d. 1072/1662), son of Ḵosrow Khan (d. 1063/1653), a Safavid ḡolām of Armenian origin.

  • ALLĀHYĀR KHAN

    Cross-Reference

    See ĀFĪ, ALLĀHYĀR KHAN.

  • ALLĀHYĀR KHAN ABDĀLĪ

    J. R. Perry

    a chieftain of the important Afghan tribe of the Abdālī (later known as the Dorrānī).

  • ALLĀHYĀR KHAN ĀṢAF-AL-DAWLA

    Cross-Reference

    See ĀṢAF-AL-DAWLA.

  • ALLĀHYĀR KHAN QELĪČĪ

    A. Amanat

    (b. ca. 1150/1735-36), khan of the Qelīča, a minor Turkish tribe in northern Khorasan, and ruler of Sabzevār at the turn of the 19th century.

  • ʿALLĀMĪ, ABU’L-FAŻL

    Cross-Reference

    Historian, officer, chief secretary, and confidant of the Mughal emperor Akbar I; see ABU’L-FAŻL ʿALLĀMĪ.

  • ALLIANCE FRANÇAISE

    Cross-Reference

    See FRANCE xv. FRENCH SCHOOLS IN PERSIA.

  • ALLIANCE ISRAÉLITE UNIVERSELLE

    A. Netzer

    the first worldwide Jewish organization, through which a number of Jewish schools were founded in Iran.

  • ALMOND

    Cross-Reference

    See BĀDĀM.

  • ALP ARSLĀN

    K. A. Luther

    Saljuq sultan from 455/1063 to 465/1072.

  • ALPTIGIN

    C. E. Bosworth

    Turkish military slave commander of the Samanids and founder of Turkish power in eastern Afghanistan (d. 352/963).

  • ALQĀB VA ʿANĀWĪN

    A. Ašraf

    titles and forms of address, employed in Iran from pre-Islamic times.

  • ALQĀS MĪRZA

    C. Fleischer

    second of Shah Esmāʿīl’s four surviving sons (1516-1550) and leader of a revolt.

  • ALTAIC

    K. H. Menges

    The Altaic peoples and languages are distributed around 45° north latitude, from eastern Europe to the Pacific Ocean. 

  • ALTHEN, JEAN-BAPTISTE JOANNIS

    S. Schuster-Walser

    (1709-74),  who introduced the cultivation of madder into southern France. When his attempts to grow cotton in southern France proved fruitless, he began to cultivate Oriental madder; this proved so successful that madder soon became a main crop of the region.

  • ALTIN TEPE

    V. M. Masson

    a settlement of the Neolithic period and Bronze Age in the south of Turkmenistan near the village of Miana.

  • ALTŪN TAMḠĀ

    G. Doerfer

    “gold mark of ownership” (Tk.), a seal that was used throughout their empire by the Mongol rulers of Iran (including the Chupanids and Jalayerids), especially for financial or property decisions and in documents relating to financial transactions by the state.

  • ALTUNTAŠ

    C. E. Bosworth

    Turkish slave commander of the Ghaznavid sultans and governor in Ḵᵛārazm (408-23/1017-32). 

  • ĀLŪČA

    A. Parsa

    garden plum (Prunus domestica), a fruit with a wide range in size, flavor, color, and texture. 

  • ALVAND KŪH

    E. Ehlers

    mountain range near Hamadān, an isolated massif at a point of junction between the Zagros folds and the central Iranian plateau. 

  • ALVĪRĪ

    E. Yarshater

    a dialect spoken in the village of Alvīr and belonging to the Central group of Iranian dialects.

  • ALWĀḤ

    Cross-Reference

    “Tablets,” pl. of LAWḤ, a term used by Bahāʾīs for epistles issued by the three central figures of the faith.

  • Ac~ CAPTIONS OF ILLUSTRATIONS

    Cross-Reference

    list of all the figure and plate images in the Ac–Al entries