Table of Contents

• ḠAZĀLĪ, ABŪ ḤĀMED MOḤAMMAD i

  Gerhard BÖWERING

  A man of Persian descent, Ḡazālī (variant name Ḡazzālī; Med. Latin form, Algazel; honorific title, Ḥojjat-al-Eslām"The Proof of Islam”), was born at Ṭūs in Khorasan in 450/1058 and grew up as an orphan together with his younger brother Aḥmad Ḡazālī (d. 520/1126; q.v.).

• ḠAZĀLĪ, ABŪ ḤĀMED MOḤAMMAD, ii, iii

  W. Montgomery Watt

  ii. The Eḥyāʾ ʿolum al-dīn, iii. The Kīmīā-ye saʿādat. 

• ḠAZĀLĪ, ABŪ ḤĀMED MOḤAMMAD, iv

  Nasrollah Pourjavady

  iv. Minor Persia works.

• ḠAZĀLĪ, ABŪ ḤĀMED MOḤAMMAD, v

  Wael B. Hallaq

  v. As a Faqīh.

• ḠAZĀLĪ, ABŪ ḤĀMED MOḤAMMAD, vi

  Michael E. Marmura

  vi. Ḡazālī and Theology.

• ḠAZĀLĪ, ABŪ ḤĀMED MOḤAMMAD, vii, viii

  Wilferd Madelung

  vii. Ḡazālī and the Bāṭenīs, viii. Impact on Islamic thought.

• ḠAZĀLĪ, MAJD-AL-DĪN Abu’l-Fotūḥ AḤMAD

  Nasrollah Pourjavady

  b. Moḥammad b. Aḥmad (ca. 1061-1126), outstanding mystic, writer, and eloquent preacher.

• ḠĀZĀN KHAN, MAḤMŪD

  R. Amitai-Preiss

  (1271-1304), oldest son of Arḡūn Khan and his eventual successor as the seventh Il-khanid ruler of Persia (r. 1295-1304).

• ḠĀZĀN-NĀMA

  Charles Melville

  a verse chronicle of the reign of the Il-khan Ḡāzān Khan (1295-1304), by Ḵᵛāja Nūr-al-Dīn b. Šams-al-Dīn Moḥammad Aždarī.

• ḠAŻĀYERĪ RĀZĪ

  Cross-Reference

  See ḠAŻĀʾERĪ RĀZĪ.

• GAŽDAHAM

  Djalal Khaleghi-Motlagh

  an Iranian hero of Dež-e Safīd, a fortress near the border seperating Iran from Tūrān, during the reigns of the Kayanid kings Nōḏar and Kay Kāvūs.

• GAZELLE

  Cross-Reference

  See ĀHŪ, CHINKARA.

• GAZĪ

  Cross-Reference

  See ISFAHAN xxii.

• GAZMA

  Cross-Reference

  See CITIES.

• ḠAZNAVĪ, ABŪ RAJĀʾ

  EIr

  b. Masʿūd III, a poet at the court of the Ghaznavid sultan Bahrāmšāh (r. ca. 1117-1157).

• ḠAZNĪ

  Xavier de Planhol, Roberta Giunta

  or Ḡazna, Ḡaznīn; province and city in southeastern Afghanistan, the latter situated 136 km south of Kabul at an altitude of about 2,200 meters. The earliest known monuments of Ḡaznī belong to the Ghaznavid period (366-583/977-1187), the best representative of which are the two minarets standing east of the citadel, close to two large mounds resembling mosques.

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• GAZOPHYLACIUM LINGUAE PERSICAE

  Cross-Reference

  See DICTIONARIES iii.

• GĀZORGĀH

  Lisa Golombek

  a village approximately 2.5 miles northeast of the city of Herat in present-day northwestern Afghanistan at 34°22′ N and 62°14′ E, situated at an elevation of 4,100 feet.

• GĀZORGĀHĪ, MĪR KAMĀL-AL-DĪN ḤOSAYN

  Shiro Ando

  b. Šeḥāb-al-Dīn Esmāʿīl Ṭabasī (b. 1469/70), a Timurid ṣadr and author of a collection of biographies of Sufis known as the Majāles al-ʿoššāq.

• GEBER

  Cross-Reference

  See GABR, MAJŪS.

• GEDROSIA

  Willem J. Vogelsang

  or Kedrosia; a place-name known only from Classical sources.

• GEIGER, BERNHARD

  RÜDIGER SCHMITT

  (b. Bielitz, 1881; d. New York, 1964), scholar of Indo-Iranian studies.

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• GEIGER, WILHELM

  Bernfried Schlerath

  (b. Nuremberg, 1856; d. Neubiberg, 1943), German scholar of Iranian and Indian philology.

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• GĒL

  Cross-Reference

  tribes in the Arsacid and Sasanian periods. See GĪLĀN.

• GELDNER, KARL FRIEDRICH

  Bernfried Schlerath

  (1852-1929), German scholar of Iranian and Indian studies.

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• GELĪM

  Cross-Reference

  See CARPETS.

• GELPKE, RUDOLF

  HERMANN LANDOLT

  (1928-1972), Swiss scholar, writer, and translator of Persian literature.

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• GELŠĀH

  Cross-Reference

  See GAYŌMART.

• GEMCUTTING

  Parviz Mohebbi

  (Pers. ḥakkākī), the process of shaping and polishing faceted gemstones. The first-known reference in Persian to gem cutting is found in an anonymous treatise on jewelry, Jowhar-nāma-ye neẓāmī, written in 1195-96 under the last Ḵᵛārazmšāh. According to the sources, gem cutting and polishing were both done by the same machine—the grinding wheel or čarḵ-e ḥakkākī.

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• GENÇOSMAN, MEHMED NURÎ

  Tahsın Yazici

  (b. Ağın district of Elazığ, 1897; d. Istanbul, 1976), Turkish poet and translator of Persian works.

• GENDARMERIE

  Stephanie Cronin

  the first modern highway patrol and rural police force in Persia. The Government Gendarmerie (Žāndārmerī-e dawlatī) was established in 1910 by the second Majles and proved the most enduring in a series of official projects for the modernization of the armed forces under the leadership of foreign officers.

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• GENDER RELATIONS i

  Farzaneh Milani

  Gender relations in Persia.  Overview of article: i. In Modern Persia, ii. In the Islamic Republic.

• GENDER RELATIONS ii

  Hammed Shahidan

  ii. In the Islamic Republic.

• GENGHIS KHAN

  Cross-Reference

  See ČENGĪZ KHAN.

• GENIE

  Mahmoud Omidsalar

  name of a category of supernatural beings believed to have been created from smokeless fire and to be living invisibly side-by-side the visible creation.

• GENOA

  Michele Bernardini

  an important port city in Liguria, in northwestern Italy, which during the Middle Ages played a significant role between Europe and the East, including Persia. Genoa was sacked by Muslim raiders from North Africa in 935 but became an economic and commercial power during the First Crusade (1096-1101).

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• GEOGRAPHY

  Multiple Authors

  Geography of Persia and Afghanistan. Overview of the entry: i. Evolution of geographical knowledge, ii. Human geography, iii. Political geography, iv. Cartography of Persia.

• GEOGRAPHY i. Evolution of geographical knowledge

  Xavier de Planhol

  Geography of Persia and Afghanistan. The concept of Iran and ancient Iranian geography (Justi; Spiegel, I, pp. 188-243 and especially pp. 210-12; Herzfeld, pp. 671-720; Gnoli, 1980, 1989).

• GEOGRAPHY ii. Human geography

  Xavier de Planhol

  The primordial component of the land of Iran, since it was a sedentary world as opposed to the nomadic Tūrān, must have been situated above the level of the internal steppes and deserts, in the highland river valleys having both arable alluvial soils and plenty of water from the rainfall in the mountains.

• GEOGRAPHY iii. Political Geography

  Xavier de Planhol

  The significant Persian-speaking areas of the world are divided today into three states.

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• GEOGRAPHY iv. Cartography of Persia

  CYRUS ALAI

  The world’s oldest known topographical map is a Babylonian clay tablet (ca. 2300 B.C.E.) found at Nuzi in northeastern Iraq. It is a relatively advanced picture map, showing two ranges of hills, as seen from the side, and the rivers they flank, by a series of parallel lines. The site covered by this map may have lain between the Zagros mountains and the hills running through Kirkuk.

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• GEOLOGY

  Eckart Ehlers

  This article is concerned with those aspects of the geology of Persia that are of immediate economic and cultural significance for the country and its inhabitants, primarily (1) geological structure and orohydrographic differentiation of Persia, (2) geology and natural hazards, and (3) geology and natural resources.

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• GEOMANCY

  Cross-Reference

  or raml. See OCCULT SCIENCES.

• GEOPOTHROS

  Cross-Reference

  See GŌDARZ.

• GEORGIA

  Multiple Authors

  (Pers. Gorjestān; Ar. al-Korj). This series of entries covers Georgia and its relations with Iran.

• GEORGIA i. The land and the people

  Keith Hitchins

  Located at the eastern tip of the Black Sea to the south of the Caucasus Mountains, Georgia experienced continuous, decisive, political relations and cultural contacts with Persia from the Achaemenid period until the early 19th century.

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• GEORGIA ii. History of Iranian-Georgian Relations

  Keith Hitchins

  Between the Achaemenid era and the beginning of the 19th century, Persia played a significant and at times decisive role in the history of the Georgian people. The Persian presence helped to shape political institutions, modified social structure and land holding, and enriched literature and culture. Persians also acted as a counterweight to other powerful forces in the region.

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• GEORGIA iii. Iranian elements in Georgian art and archeology

  Gocha R. Tsetskhladze

  Ancient Georgian tribes had close cultural contacts with Near Eastern civilizations from the 18th century BCE. Iranian elements appeared from the middle of the 2nd millennium B.C.E., as they did in the art of the entire Caucasian region.

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• GEORGIA iv. Literary contacts with Persia

  Aleksandre Gvakharia

  The tribes of Georgia had a well-established and vast literary tradition and folklore long before the Christian era. None of the pre-Christian Georgian literary works have survived, however. Christianity became established in Georgia as an official religion at the beginning of the 4th century, and in the 5th century the first surviving literary work was created.

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• GEORGIA v. LINGUISTIC CONTACTS WITH IRANIAN LANGUAGES

  Thea Chkeidze

  Due to many centuries of close contacts between Georgia and Persia, a large number of Iranian loanwords came into the Georgian language.