Table of Contents

  • GARRŪSĪ

    Cross-Reference

    See KURDISH DIALECTS, forthcoming online.

  • GARRŪSĪ, AMĪR NEẒĀM

    Cross-Reference

    See AMĪR NEẒĀM GARRŪSĪ.

  • GARRŪSĪ, FAŻEL KHAN

    Cross-Reference

    See FĀŻEL KHAN GARRŪSĪ, MOḤAMMAD

  • GARŠĀH

    Cross-Reference

    See GAYŌMART.

  • GARŠĀSP

    Cross-Reference

    See KARŠĀSP.

  • GARŠĀSP-NĀMA

    François de Blois

    or Karšāsp-nāma; a long heroic epic by Asadī Ṭūsī (d. 1072/73) completed, as the author says in the epilogue, in 1066, and dedicated to a ruler of Naḵjavān by the name of Abū Dolaf.

  • GARSĒVAZ

    Cross-Reference

    See KARSĒVAZ.

  • GAS, NATURAL

    Forthcoming

    natural gas industry in Persia. See Supplement.

  • ḠAṢB

    Forthcoming

    concept in Shiʿite law, meaning usurpation or unlawful seizure. See Supplement.

  • GASTEIGER, ALBERT JOSEPH

    HELMUT SLABY

    also known as Gāstager Khan (b. Innsbruck, 1823; d. Bozen, 1890, baron of Ravenstein and Kobach, Austrian engineering officer, instructor at the Dār al-fonūn, and the manager of all civilian and military buildings of the Persian government from 1860 to 1888.

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  • GATE

    Cross-Reference

    See DARVĀZA.

  • GATHAS

    Multiple Authors

    or GĀΘĀS; the core of the great Mazdayasnian liturgy, the Yasna, consisting of five gāθās, or modes of song (gā) that comprise seventeen songs composed in Old Avestan language, and arranged according to their five different syllabic meters.

  • GATHAS i

    Helmut Humbach

    Each single song covers one chapter (Av. hāiti-, Phl. hā) of the Yasna.

  • GATHAS ii

    William W. Malandra

    Of the entire corpus of the Avesta, the Gathas have been translated far more frequently than any of its other divisions.

  • GAUB(A)RUVA

    Rüdiger Schmitt

    The reading of the Old Persian form cannot be ascertained with reliability, mainly because the Babylonian form suggests an original with -bar- and the Greek rendering is just against this.

  • GAUDEREAU, MARTIN

    Jacqueline Calmard-Compas

    (b. Langeais, 1663; d. Paris, 1743), French missionary priest (and later Abbé) who left valuable observations on Persia and played a part in Franco-Persian relations.

  • GAUGAMELA

    Ernst Badian

    site of one of the greatest battles in history, resulting in the decisive victory of Alexander the Great over Darius III on 1 October 331 B.C.E.

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  • GAUMĀTA

    Pierre Briant

    according to the Bīsotūn inscriptions, the Magian pretender who seized the Achaemenid throne by claiming to be Bardiya (Smerdis), the son of Cyrus the Great.

  • GĀV

    Cross-Reference

    See CATTLE.

  • GĀV-ZABĀN

    Hushang Aʿlam

    lit. ”ox-tongue” (in reference to the rough, tongue-shaped leaves of the plant); the popular designation for several medicinal species of the borage family (Boraginaceae).

  • GAVA

    Cross-Reference

    See SOGHDIA.

  • GĀVĀHAN

    Cross-Reference

    See PLOW.

  • ḠĀVĀL

    Jean During

    or daf; the most widespread percussion instrument in the Republic of Azerbaijan, played as much in artistic as in popular music and professional ensembles.

  • GAVAN

    Cross-Reference

    the plant tragant (Astragalus). See KATĪRA.

  • GĀVĀN GĪLĀNĪ

    Cross-Reference

    See MAḤMŪD GĪLĀNĪ.

  • GAVAZN

    Cross-Reference

    See RED DEER.

  • GĀVBAND

    Amir Ismail Ajami

    the owner of the oxen (gāv) in the traditional farming system of Persia.

  • GĀVBĀRA

    Cross-Reference

    See DABUYIDS.

  • GĀVBĀZĪ

    Christian Bromberger

    arranged fights between bulls. These now take place only in the Caspian provinces of Gīlān and Mazandarān. In the past, however, they were common throughout Persia and formed part of the entertainment in local festivities along with other games involving pitting animals and creatures of all kinds against each other.

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  • GĀVMĪŠ

    Cross-Reference

    buffalo. See CATTLE.

  • GAVOR QALʿA

    Cross-Reference

    See GYAUR KALA.

  • GĀW Ī ĒWDĀD

    William W. Malandra

    or ēwagdād; the name of the primordial Bovine in Zoroastrian mythology.

  • ḠAWṮ KHAN, NAWWĀB MOḴTĀR-AL-MOLK

    Cross-Reference

    See NAWWĀB-E DAKHAN.

  • ḠAWṮĪ, MOḤAMMAD

    K. A. Nizami

    b. Ḥasan b. Mūsā Šaṭṭārī MANDOVĪ (b. Mandu, 1554), author of Golzār-e-abrār, a Persian hagiography of Indian saints.

  • ḠAYBA

    Said Amir Arjomand

    (Pers. ḡaybat) lit. "absence"; term used by the Shiʿites to refer to the occultation of the Hidden Imam.

  • ḠĀYER KHAN

    Peter Jackson

    b. Tekeš (d. 1220), Turkish general of the Ḵᵛārazmšāh ʿAlāʾ-al-Dīn Moḥammad.

  • GAYḴĀTŪ KHAN

    Peter Jackson

    (1291-95) fifth Mongol Il-khan of Persia; his coins also bear the name Īrinjīn Dūrjī (Tibetan Rin-chen rDo-rje, lit. “Jewel Diamond”) bestowed upon him by Buddhist lamas.

  • GAYŌMART

    Mansour Shaki

    or Gayūmarṯ, Kayūmarṯ; the sixth of the heptad in Mazdean myth of creation, the protoplast of man, and the first king in Iranian mythical history.

  • GAYSĀTA

    Hiroshi Kumamoto

    the name of a town in Khotanese documents in the A. F. R. Hoernle, Mark Aurel Stein, Sven Hedin, and N. F. Petrovsky collections.

  • GAZ (1)

    B. Grami, M. R. Ghanoonparvar

    common term in Persian for several species of the genera Tamarix (desert trees) and Astragalus (spiny shrubs of gavan); also the name of a confection made with the sweet exudate (gaz-angobīn) produced on Astragalus.

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  • GAZ (2)

    Minu Yusofnezhad

    or Jaz; a town in the province of Isfahan, of the šahrestān of Barḵᵛār and Mayma, situated 18 km north of the city of Isfahan at an altitude of 1,578 m above sea level.

  • ḠAZĀ

    Cross-Reference

    See ISLAM IN IRAN xi. JIHAD IN ISLAM.

  • GAZA

    Cross-Reference

    See GANZAK.

  • ḠAŻĀʾERĪ

    Etan Kohlberg

    nesba of two Imami authors and traditionists (10th-11th centuries).

  • ḠAŻĀʾERĪ RĀZĪ, ABŪ ZAYD MOḤAMMAD

    François de Blois

    or ḠAŻĀYERĪ RĀZĪ, b. ʿALĪ, Persian poet of the early 11th century.

  • GAZACA

    Cross-Reference

    See GANZAK.

  • ḠAZAL i. HISTORY

    J. T. P. de Bruijn

    the most important Persian lyric, adopted also by literatures influenced by the classical Persian tradition, in particular Turkish and Urdu poetry. OVERVIEW of entry: i. History, ii. Characteristics and Conventions.

  • ḠAZAL ii. CHARACTERISTICS AND CONVENTIONS

    Ehsan Yarshater

    The Persian ḡazal, especially the Hafezian and the post-Hafezian, does not usually follow a sustained narrative, but consists of a number of lines and statements largely independent of each other.

  • ḠAZĀLĪ MAŠHADĪ

    Munibur Rahman

    (b. Mašhad, 1526-27, d. Ahmadabad, 1572), poet laureate in Persian (malek-al-šoʿarāʾ) at the court of the Mughal emperor Akbar.

  • ḠAZĀLĪ, ABŪ ḤĀMED MOḤAMMAD

    Multiple Authors

    b. Moḥammad Ṭūsī (1058-1111), one of the greatest systematic Persian thinkers of medieval Islam and a prolific Sunni author on the religious sciences (Islamic law, philosophy, theology, and mysticism) in Saljuq times. Overview of entry: i. Biography, ii. The Eḥyāʾ ʿolum al-dīn, iii. The Kīmīā-ye saʿādat, iv. Minor Persian works, v. As a Faqīh, vi. Ḡazālī and Theology, vii. Ḡazālī and the Bāṭenīs, viii. Impact on Islamic Thought.