Table of Contents

  • FEHREST

    Rudolf Sellheim and Mohsen Zakeri, François de Blois, Werner Sundermann

    or Ketāb al-fehrest; a celebrated catalogue of books in Arabic, drafted in 987 by Ebn al-Nadīm. Some scholars regard him as a Persian, but this is not certain. However, his choice of a rather rare Persian word for the title of a handbook on Arabic literature is noteworthy.

  • FEKETE, Lajos

    ANDRÁS BODROGLIGETI

    (1891-1969), Hungarian historian and specialist of Turkish-Persian paleography.

  • FELĀḤAT-E MOẒAFFARĪ

    Nassereddin Parvin

    the first monthly magazine in Persia dealing with agricultural issues published from August 1900 to Noveber 1907; the official publication of the General Agricultural Office of Persia.

  • FELFEL

    Hūšang Aʿlam

    modern Persian term designating the fruits and/or berries of two botanically different groups of plants: the pepper proper and the capsicum peppers.

  • FELT

    Daniel Balland and Jean-Pierre Digard

    (namad), material produced by process of felting, the entanglement of animal fiber in all directions, done to form a soft and homogeneous mass. The technique was originally devised in nomadic communities of Central Asia (Pazyryk, 5th to 3rd centuries BCE).

    This Article Has Images/Tables.
  • FEMINIST MOVEMENTS i. INTRODUCTION, ii. IN THE LATE QAJAR PERIOD

    EIr, Janet Afary

    Persia of the 20th century saw a number of popular, often small and short-lived, women’s rights activities which had been mobilized in the 1900s-1920s and again in the 1940s-50s.

    This Article Has Images/Tables.
  • FEMINIST MOVEMENTS iii. IN THE PAHLAVI PERIOD

    Hamideh Sedghi

    in the Pahlavi Period. The fundamental political, socio-cultural, and economic changes which Persia underwent in the Pahlavi era (1921-78) had drastic repercussions on the women’s rights movement and the condition of women.

    This Article Has Images/Tables.
  • FEMINIST MOVEMENTS iv. IN THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC

    Ziba Mir-Hosseini

    After the Revolution of 1978-79, “feminism,” because of its associations with the West and its appropriation by the previous regime, soon became viewed by the ruling clerics as synonymous with decadence.

  • FENDERESK

    Mīnū Yūsofnežād

    a rural district (dehestān) of the county (šahrestān) of Gonbad-e Qābūs and situated north of the Alborz range in the eastern part of Māzandarān.

  • FENDERESKĪ

    Cross-Reference

    See MĪR FENDERESKI, ABU’L-QĀSEM.

  • FENNEL

    Hūšang Aʿlam

    the aromatic sweetish potherb and medicinal plant Foeniculum vulgare Mill. (= Anethum foeniculum L., etc.; fam. Umbelliferae).

  • FEQH

    Norman Calder

    lit. "jurisprudence"; term used to designate the processes of exposition, analysis, and argument which constitute human effort to express God’s law (šarīʿa).

  • FERDAWS AL-MORŠEDĪYA FĪ ASRĀR AL-ṢAMADĪYA

    Īraj Afšār

    a major hagiography of Abū Esḥāq Kāzarūnī (963-1033), a famous Sufi and founder of a selsela variously referred to as Kāzarūnīya, Esḥāqīya, or Moršedīya.

  • FERDOWS

    Baqer Parham

    šahrestān in Khorasan consisting of three administrative districts: the city of Ferdows and its immediate suburbs, Bošrūya and Sarāyān.

  • FERDOWSĪ MAGAZINE

    Esmail Nooriala

    the name of two periodicals, a bi-monthly and a weekly magazine published in Tehran.

  • FERDOWSI, ABU'L-QĀSEM

    Multiple Authors

    (940-1019 or 1025), one of the greatest epic poets and author of the Šāh-nāma, the national epic of Persia.

  • FERDOWSI, ABU'L-QĀSEM i. Life

    Djalal Khaleghi-Motlagh

    Apart from his patronymic (konya), Abu’l-Qāsem, and his pen name (taḵallosá), Ferdowsī, nothing is known with any certainty about his names or the identity of his family.

  • FERDOWSI, ABU’L-QĀSEM ii. Hajw-nāma

    Djalal Khaleghi-Motlagh

    Hajw-nāma is the title of a verse lampoon of Sultan Maḥmūd of Ḡazna attributed to Ferdowsī. According to Neẓāmī ʿArūżī, after Ferdowsī presented his Šāh-nāma, the sultan used the pretext of the poet’s alleged Muʿtazilite and Shiʿite orientation to give him only twenty thousand dirhams as the reward for the epic.

  • FERDOWSI, ABU’L-QĀSEM iii. MAUSOLEUM

    A. Shahpur Shahbazi

    The rise of nationalism in Persia early this century motivated scholars and dignitaries to urge the government to build a suitable mausoleum for the poet who had done so much to preserve Iranian identity and history. 

    This Article Has Images/Tables.
  • FERDOWSI, ABU’L-QĀSEM iv. MILLENARY CELEBRATION

    A. Shahpur Shahbazi

    Already in 1922 Moḥammad-Taqī Bahār, the most influential poet of the time and a politician-journalist, urged Reżā Khan (later Reżā Shah), who had recently seized power, to prove his asserted nationalism by celebrating Ferdowsī.

    This Article Has Images/Tables.
  • FERDOWSI, ABU’L-QĀSEM v. HOMAGES TO FERDOWSI

    EIr

    Ever since the appearance of the Šāh-nāma, Ferdowsī has been held in high esteem, and many poets have referred to him and his work, the best known being Saʿdī’s tribute in the Būstān to “Ferdowsī-ye pāk-zād.” 

    This Article Has Images/Tables.
  • FERİDUN AḤMED BEG, ʿABD-AL-QĀDER

    Rudolf Vesel

    or FEREYDŪN AḤMAD BAYG (d. 1583), Ottoman secretary, administrator, head of the chancery, and author.

  • FERĒDŪN

    Aḥmad Tafażżolī

    Iranian mythic hero.

  • FEREŠTA

    Cross-Reference

    angels in Islam and Persian folklore. See Supplement, ANGELS.

  • FEREŠTA, MOḤAMMAD-QĀSEM

    Cross-Reference

    See FEREŠTA, TĀRĪḴ-E.

  • FEREŠTA,TĀRĪḴ-E

    Gavin R. G. Hambly

    popular title of Golšan-e ebrāhīmī, a general history of Muslim India by Moḥammad-Qāsem Hendušāh Astarābādī (b. Astarābād ca. 1570), the celebrated historian of the Deccan known by the pen name (taḵalloṣ) of Ferešta.

  • FEREYDŪN

    Cross-reference

    (Faridun, Fereydoun, Fereydoon) Iranian mythic hero. See FERĒDŪN.

  • FERŌD

    Cross-Reference

    See FORŪD.

  • FERQA-YE DEMOKRĀT-E ĀḎARBĀYJĀN

    Forthcoming

    Democratic Party of Azerbaijan; the dominant political party in Azarbayjan during the Pīšavarī period. See Supplement.

  • FERRIER, JOSEPH PHILIPPE

    Jacqueline Calmard-Compas

    (1811-1886), French soldier in the Persian service (1839-42, 1846-50).

  • FERRIER, JOSEPHE-PIERRE

    Gavin R. G. Hambly

    19th-century French traveler and intrepid explorer in Afghanistan.

  • FERTILITY AND MORTALITY

    Mehdi Amani

    in Persia. Up to 1986 the Persian birthrate was high (as high as 48-49 per 1,000), compared to the world rate but had dropped from 1966, as a result of official policies on family planning.  In 1994 the Persian birthrate equaled the average for Asia and Central America.

    This Article Has Images/Tables.
  • FESANJĀN

    Etrat Elahi

    (fesenjūn, fasūjan), a well known Persian dish (ḵoreš, a kind of stew) made of walnut or almond, poultry (usually duck) or small meat balls (kalla gonješkī) and pomegranate sauce or juice.

  • FESTIVALS

    Multiple Authors

    This article discusses religious or communal festivals and commemorations, ancient and modern, of diverse communities in Persia and Afghanistan.

  • FESTIVALS i. ZOROASTRIAN

    Mary Boyce

    fall into two broad categories. There are the seven feasts of obligation, that is, No Rōz (Nowrūz) and the six gāhānbārs, which formed the framework of the religious year, and which it was a sin not to keep; and others, which it was a merit, not a duty, to observe.

  • FESTIVALS ii. MANICHEAN

    Werner Sundermann

    The Manichean calendar of holidays proves independence from that of the Zoroastrians. Even if the heptavalent number of the Manichean Yimkis was correlated to the Zoroastrian gāhānbār and Nowrūz

  • FESTIVALS iii, iv, v

    Anne H. Betteridge and EIr, Philip G. Kreyenbroek, Keith Hitchins

    iii. SHI'ITE, iv. YAZIDI AND AHL-E HAQQ, v. KURDISH (SUNNI).

  • FESTIVALS vi, vii, viii

    Moojan Momen, Amnon Netzer, A. Arkun

    vi. BAHAI, vii. JEWISH, viii. ARMENIAN.

  • FESTIVALS ix. Assyrian

    WILLIAM PIROYAN and EDEN NABY

    The adoption of Christianity by the Assyrians in the latter part of the 1st century led to the harmonization of older community celebrations and commemorations with Christian doctrine as well as the introduction of specifically Christian religious holidays.

  • FESTIVALS x. IN AFGHANISTAN

    NANCY HATCH DUPREE

    Festive ceremonies in Afghanistan mark special religious days and major events in individual life cycles. Few are formally organized, being celebrated primarily to keep family bonds strong and community ties congenial.

  • FEṬR

    Cross-Reference

    See FESTIVALS iii.

  • FEṬRAT ZARDŪZ SAMARQANDĪ, SAYYED KAMĀL

    Michael Zand

    (1660-1699), Tajik poet.

  • FEṬRAT, ʿABD-AL-RAʾŪF BOḴĀRĪ

    Habib Borjian

    (b. Bukhara, ca. 1886; d. Tashkent, 1938), teacher, man of letters, and the most important thinker of the Jadid movement of modern Central Asia.

  • FETYĀN

    Cross-reference

    See ʿAYYĀR; JAVĀNMARDI.

  • FEUDALISM

    Cross-Reference

    European term sometimes applied to medieval Persia; see EQṬĀʿ.

  • FEUVRIER, JEAN-BAPTISTE

    Jean Calmard

    (1842-1926), Nāṣer-al-Dīn Shah’s personal physician (1889-1892), author of Trois ans à la cour de Perse, with engravings from photographs in the collections of Nāṣer-al-Dīn Shah and his retinue, Feuvrier’s own drawings, and Persian contemporary paintings. 

    This Article Has Images/Tables.
  • FEVZİ EFENDİ, MEḤMED

    Tahsın Yazici

    or FAWZĪ (b. Denizli, 1826; d. Istanbul, 1900), Ottoman author who wrote some books in Persian.

  • FEVZİ MOSTĀRĪ

    Hamid Algar

    or FAWZĪ (d. 1747), author of the Bolbolestān, an imitation of Saʿdī’s Golestān, the only prose work written in Persian known to be by a Bosnian author.

  • FEYLĪ

    Pierre Oberling

    group of Lor tribes located mainly in Luristan.

  • FEYLĪ DIALECT

    Cross-Reference

    See LORĪ.