Table of Contents

  • FICTION

    Multiple Authors

    i. Traditional Forms. ii. Modern Fiction. ii(a). Historical Background. ii(b). The Novel. ii(c). The Short Story. ii(d). The Post-Revolutionary Short Story. ii(e). Post-Revolutionary Fiction Abroad. ii(f). By Persians in Non-Persian Languages. ii(g). In Afghanistan. ii(h). In Tajikistan.

  • FICTION, i

    J. T. P. de Bruijn

    OVERVIEW of the entry: i. TRADITIONAL FORMS. This article deals with all kinds of stories written for specifically literary purposes up to the time when narrative prose in the modern style, derived from the West, was introduced in Persia.

  • FICTION, ii(a)

    SĪMĪN BEHBAHĀNĪ and EIr

    ii(a). HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF MODERN FICTION.  The long reign of Nāṣer-al-Dīn Shah (1848-96) and the Constitutional Revolution a decade after his death witnessed the gradual emergence of modern fiction in Persia.

  • FICTION, ii(b)

    Houra Yavari

    ii(b). THE NOVEL.

  • FICTION, ii(c)

    Jamāl Mīrṣādeqī

    ii(c). THE SHORT STORY. Historically, the modern Persian short story has undergone three stages of development: a formative period, a period of consolidation and growth, and a period of diversity.

  • FICTION, ii(d)

    Houra Yavari

    ii(d). THE POST-REVOLUTIONARY SHORT STORY. The post-revolutionary short story is marked by its formal sophistication and has carved out a distinct and experimental space of its own in fiction.

  • FICTION, ii(e)

    Houra Yavari

    ii(e). POST-REVOLUTIONARY FICTION ABROAD. Not only were the novel and short story imported genres, the very first works of Persian fiction were either written or first published outside Persia.

  • FICTION, ii(f)

    Houra Yavari

    ii(f). BY PERSIANS IN NON-PERSIAN LANGUAGES. Persian fiction is not limited to works written in the Persian language, or to works written within the geographical boundaries of Persia herself.

  • FICTION, ii(g)

    Shahwali Ahmadi

    ii(g). IN AFGHANISTAN. The introduction of modern fiction in Afghanistan was concomitant with the institution of new educational and literary organizations, namely the Ḥabībīya School and Anjoman-e adabī, and the publication of the bi-weekly Serāj al-aḵbār-e afḡānīya, edited by Maḥmūd Ṭarzī, in the early twentieth century.

  • FICTION, ii(h)

    Keith Hitchins

    ii(h). IN TAJIKISTAN. Tajik fiction in the 20th century has drawn from a variety of sources.

  • FIEF

    Cross-Reference

    See EQṬĀʿ; LAND TENURE.

  • FIG

    Hušang Aʿlam

    the “fruit” of several species and subspecies of Ficus L. (fam. Moraceae) in the geobotanical area covered by K. H. Rechinger’s Flora Iranica.

  • FIGUEROA, GARCÍA DE SILVA Y

    Michele Bernardini

    (b. Zafra, 1550; d. at sea returning from Persia, 1624), Spanish diplomat and traveler.

  • FIGURES OF SPEECH

    Cross-reference

    See BADIʿ (1).

  • FĪL

    Cross-Reference

    See ELEPHANT.

  • FILBERT

    Cross-Reference

    See HAZELNUT.

  • FILIPPI, FILIPPO DE

    Anna Vanzan

    (1814-1867), a professor of zoology and comparative anatomy at Turin University.

  • FILM PRODUCTION

    Cross-Reference

    See Supplement; see also CINEMA.

  • FĪN

    Cross-Reference

    strict and spring near Kāšān. See BĀḠ-E FĪN.

  • FINKENSTEIN, TREATY OF

    Cross-Reference

    See FRANCE iii; GARDANE MISSION.

  • FIRE

    Cross-reference

    See ĀDUR, ĀTAŠ, ĀTAŠKADA.

  • FIRE ALTARS

    Mark Garrison

    a structure used to to hold fire for urposes of veneration, probably contained within a metal or clay bowl. The term should probably be restricted to those structures which have a clear Zoroastrian religious context.

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  • FIRE TEMPLES

    Cross-Reference

    See ĀTAŠKADA.

  • FIRE WORSHIP

    Cross-Reference

    See ĀTAŠ.

  • FIREARMS i. HISTORY

    Rudi Matthee

    in Persia. This article surveys the history and production of various firearms and artillery in Persia from their introduction to the 19th century.

    This Article Has Images/Tables.
  • FIREARMS ii. PRODUCTION OF CANNON AND MUSKETS

    Parviz Mohebbi

    By the last quarter of the 16th century, cannon-making was so common that cannons were constructed even on the spot during siege operations.

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  • FIRMAN

    Cross-Reference

    See FARMĀN.

  • FIRST DASTUR MEHERJIRANA LIBRARY, THE

    Miguel Ángel Andrés-Toledo

    the second Parsi library founded in India, established in 1872 CE in Navsari (India) by the Meherjirana family and celebrated since the 12th century CE for its religious relevance for in Gujarat.

  • FĪRŪZ

    Klaus Schippmann

    (PĒRŌZ) Sasanian king (r. 459-84), son of Yazdegerd II (r. 439-57). 

  • FĪRŪZ BAHRĀM

    Fariborz Majīdī and Hūšang Etteḥād

    one of Tehran’s oldest high schools, founded by Parsi philanthropist Bahramji Bikaji as a memorial to his son Fīrūz, who was lost at sea in the Mediterranean in 1915. Bikaji’s initial plan was to build an elementary school in

  • FĪRŪZ MAŠREQĪ

    Aḥmad Edāračī Gīlānī

    (or Pīrūz; not Mošrefī as in Majmaʿ al-foṣaḥāʾ, p. 946), poet at the court of the Saffarids Yaʿqūb b. Layṯ (r. 867-78) and his brother ʿAmr b. Layṯ.

  • FĪRŪZ MĪRZA

    Cross-reference

    (1817-1886), sixteenth son of ʿAbbās Mīrzā and grandson of Fatḥ-ʿAlī Shah. See FARMĀNFARMĀ, FĪRŪZ MĪRZĀ.

  • FĪRŪZ ŠĀPŪR

    Cross-reference

    name of a town on the left bank of the Euphrates five km north-west of Fallūǰa and sixty-two km west of Baghdad. See ANBĀR.

  • FIRUZ, MARYAM

    Maziar Behrooz

    Firuz was born into the royal Qajar family.  Her father was ʿAbd-al-Ḥosayn Mirzā Farmānfarmā, the second son of Firuz Mirzā Noṣrat-al-Dawla Farmānfarmā, the sixteenth son of ʿAbbās Mirzā, son and the crown prince of Fatḥ-ʿAli Shah, the second Qajar king.

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  • FĪRŪZA

    Cross-reference

    See TURQUOISE.

  • FĪRŪZĀBĀD

    Dietrich Huff

    The plain of Fīrūzābād has been inhabited since prehistoric times, with a major Chalcolithic site, Tall-e Rīgī, in the south. Surrounded bys mountains with few access roads, it was chosen by Ardašīr-e Bābakān as the key stronghold in his revolt against the last Parthian king.

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  • FĪRŪZĀBĀDĪ, ABŪ ṬĀHER MOḤAMMAD

    Cross-reference

    See Supplement.

  • FĪRŪZKŪH

    Bernard Hourcade

    name of two towns: (1) a fortified city in the medieval Islamic province of Ḡūr in Central Afghanistan, which was the capital of the senior branch of the Ghurid sultans (see GHURIDS) for some sixty years in the later 6th/12th and 7th/13th centuries; (2) fortress and surrounding settlement in the Damāvand region of the Alborz mountains in northern Persia.

  • FĪRŪZŠĀH-NĀMA

    William L. Hanaway

    pre-Safavid prose romance, the hero of which is Fīrūzšāh, son of Dārāb of the Kayanid house. 

  • FISCAL SYSTEM

    Multiple Authors

    i. Achaemenid Period. ii. Sasanian Period. iii. Islamic Period. iv. Safavid and Qajar Periods. v. Pahlavi Period. vi. Islamic Republic..

  • FISCAL SYSTEM i. ACHAEMENID, ii. SASANIAN

    Mohammad A. Dandamayev, Rika Gyselen

    There probably was no clear distinction between state and royal incomes in the Achaemenid empire. All state receipts were considered royal property, as was the income from the king’s estates. 

  • FISCAL SYSTEM iii. ISLAMIC PERIOD

    JÜRGEN PAUL

    iii. ISLAMIC PERIOD Such a system can be studied in at least three aspects: First, its relationship to the ruler or the government; second, its relationship to those groups in the population who serve as sources of revenue (“taxpayers”);

  • FISCAL SYSTEM iv. SAFAVID AND QAJAR PERIODS

    Willem Floor

    iv. SAFAVID AND QAJAR PERIODS The Safavid shah’s fiscal prerogatives were expressed by terms like bājgoḏār, bājsetān, and jezyagoḏār (tax assessor or tax taker).

  • FISCAL SYSTEM v. PAHLAVI PERIOD

    MASSOUD KARSHENAS

    The first attempts at setting up a modern fiscal system in Persian began after the Constitutional Revolution.

  • FISCAL SYSTEM vi. ISLAMIC REPUBLIC

    Adnan Mazarei

    The receipt of large revenues from oil exports and their expenditure for developing various sectors of the economy, improving infrastructure, and providing social services have made the government’s fiscal policies a major determinant of the overall economic incentives, structure and level of economic activity.

  • FISCHEL, WALTER JOSEPH

    David Yeroushalmi

    (b. 12 November 1902; d. 14 July 1973), a scholar of Oriental Jewry and Islamic civilization.

  • FISH

    Multiple Authors

    in Persia. With about 1,800 km of coastline along the Persian Gulf and the Sea of Oman, and about 990 km on the southern shore of the Caspian Sea, plus some inland fresh waters, Persia has a great variety of aquatic fauna: mollusks, crustaceans, chelonians, mammals (dolphins, whales, seals), and particularly, fishes. Thus the country has rich aquatic resources and considerable potential for fishing and aquaculture.

  • FISH i. FRESHWATER FISHES

    Brian W. Coad

    With about 1,800 km of coastline along the Persian Gulf and the Sea of Oman, and about 990 km on the southern shore of the Caspian Sea, plus some inland fresh waters, Persia has a great variety of aquatic fauna: mollusks, crustaceans, chelonians, mammals, and especially fishes.

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  • FISH ii. SALT WATER FISHES

    Hušang Aʿlam

    Except for occasional short reports by foreign researchers on some individual fish species from the Sea of Oman and the Persian Gulf, there was no comprehensive scientific study of the ichthyofauna of the region until the Danish H. Blegvad and B. Løppenthin’s systematic survey.

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  • FISH iii. IN PRE-ISLAMIC PERSIAN LORE

    Hušang Aʿlam

    The Bundahišn contains interesting pseudo-scientific, mythical, and sometimes inconsistent information about fishes.