Table of Contents

• FICTION, ii(c)

  Jamāl Mīrṣādeqī

  ii(c). THE SHORT STORY. Historically, the modern Persian short story has undergone three stages of development: a formative period, a period of consolidation and growth, and a period of diversity.

• FICTION, ii(d)

  Houra Yavari

  ii(d). THE POST-REVOLUTIONARY SHORT STORY. The post-revolutionary short story is marked by its formal sophistication and has carved out a distinct and experimental space of its own in fiction.

• FICTION, ii(e)

  Houra Yavari

  ii(e). POST-REVOLUTIONARY FICTION ABROAD. Not only were the novel and short story imported genres, the very first works of Persian fiction were either written or first published outside Persia.

• FICTION, ii(f)

  Houra Yavari

  ii(f). BY PERSIANS IN NON-PERSIAN LANGUAGES. Persian fiction is not limited to works written in the Persian language, or to works written within the geographical boundaries of Persia herself.

• FICTION, ii(g)

  Shahwali Ahmadi

  ii(g). IN AFGHANISTAN. The introduction of modern fiction in Afghanistan was concomitant with the institution of new educational and literary organizations, namely the Ḥabībīya School and Anjoman-e adabī, and the publication of the bi-weekly Serāj al-aḵbār-e afḡānīya, edited by Maḥmūd Ṭarzī, in the early twentieth century.

• FICTION, ii(h)

  Keith Hitchins

  ii(h). IN TAJIKISTAN. Tajik fiction in the 20th century has drawn from a variety of sources.

• FIEF

  Cross-Reference

  See EQṬĀʿ; LAND TENURE.

• FIG

  Hušang Aʿlam

  the “fruit” of several species and subspecies of Ficus L. (fam. Moraceae) in the geobotanical area covered by K. H. Rechinger’s Flora Iranica.

• FIGUEROA, GARCÍA DE SILVA Y

  Michele Bernardini

  (b. Zafra, 1550; d. at sea returning from Persia, 1624), Spanish diplomat and traveler.

• FIGURES OF SPEECH

  Cross-reference

  See BADIʿ (1).

• FĪL

  Cross-Reference

  See ELEPHANT.

• FILBERT

  Cross-Reference

  See HAZELNUT.

• FILIPPI, FILIPPO DE

  Anna Vanzan

  (1814-1867), a professor of zoology and comparative anatomy at Turin University.

• FILM PRODUCTION

  Cross-Reference

  See Supplement; see also CINEMA.

• FĪN

  Cross-Reference

  strict and spring near Kāšān. See BĀḠ-E FĪN.

• FINKENSTEIN, TREATY OF

  Cross-Reference

  See FRANCE iii; GARDANE MISSION.

• FIRE

  Cross-reference

  See ĀDUR, ĀTAŠ, ĀTAŠKADA.

• FIRE ALTARS

  Mark Garrison

  a structure used to to hold fire for urposes of veneration, probably contained within a metal or clay bowl. The term should probably be restricted to those structures which have a clear Zoroastrian religious context.

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• FIRE TEMPLES

  Cross-Reference

  See ĀTAŠKADA.

• FIRE WORSHIP

  Cross-Reference

  See ĀTAŠ.

• FIREARMS i. HISTORY

  Rudi Matthee

  While the traditional belief that firearms were first introduced to Persia under Shah ʿAbbās I was discredited long ago, the exact date remains uncertain. Terms hinting at firearms occur in late 14th-century Timurid chronicles, but it is unclear whether these mean mangonels projecting stones and inflammable naphtha or real cannon.

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• FIREARMS ii. PRODUCTION OF CANNON AND MUSKETS

  Parviz Mohebbi

  It is now known that some fifty cannons were made in Persia between 1514 and 1523, during the reign of Shah Esmāʿīl I, following an Ottoman model. By the last quarter of the 16th century, cannon-making was so common that cannons were constructed even on the spot during siege operations.

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• FIRMAN

  Cross-Reference

  See FARMĀN.

• FĪRŪZ

  Klaus Schippmann

  (PĒRŌZ) Sasanian king (r. 459-84), son of Yazdegerd II (r. 439-57). 

• FĪRŪZ BAHRĀM

  Fariborz Majīdī and Hūšang Etteḥād

  one of Tehran’s oldest high schools, founded by Parsi philanthropist Bahramji Bikaji as a memorial to his son Fīrūz, who was lost at sea in the Mediterranean in 1915. Bikaji’s initial plan was to build an elementary school in

• FĪRŪZ MAŠREQĪ

  Aḥmad Edāračī Gīlānī

  (or Pīrūz; not Mošrefī as in Majmaʿ al-foṣaḥāʾ, p. 946), poet at the court of the Saffarids Yaʿqūb b. Layṯ (r. 867-78) and his brother ʿAmr b. Layṯ.

• FĪRŪZ MĪRZA

  Cross-reference

  (1817-1886), sixteenth son of ʿAbbās Mīrzā and grandson of Fatḥ-ʿAlī Shah. See FARMĀNFARMĀ, FĪRŪZ MĪRZĀ.

• FĪRŪZ ŠĀPŪR

  Cross-reference

  name of a town on the left bank of the Euphrates five km north-west of Fallūǰa and sixty-two km west of Baghdad. See ANBĀR.

• FIRUZ, MARYAM

  Maziar Behrooz

  political activist, feminist activist, and author.

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• FĪRŪZA

  Cross-reference

  See TURQUOISE.

• FĪRŪZĀBĀD

  Dietrich Huff

  town and district (šahrestān) in Fārs, about 110 km south of Shiraz. The town has an altitude of ca. 1,300 m and geographical coordinates of latitude 28°50´ N, long 52° E, alt ca. 1,300. m

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• FĪRŪZĀBĀDĪ, ABŪ ṬĀHER MOḤAMMAD

  Cross-reference

  See Supplement.

• FĪRŪZKŪH

  Bernard Hourcade

  name of two towns: (1) a fortified city in the medieval Islamic province of Ḡūr in Central Afghanistan, which was the capital of the senior branch of the Ghurid sultans (see GHURIDS) for some sixty years in the later 6th/12th and 7th/13th centuries; (2) fortress and surrounding settlement in the Damāvand region of the Alborz mountains in northern Persia.

• FĪRŪZŠĀH-NĀMA

  William L. Hanaway

  pre-Safavid prose romance, the hero of which is Fīrūzšāh, son of Dārāb of the Kayanid house. 

• FISCAL SYSTEM

  Multiple Authors

  i. Achaemenid Period. ii. Sasanian Period. iii. Islamic Period. iv. Safavid and Qajar Periods. v. Pahlavi Period. vi. Islamic Republic..

• FISCAL SYSTEM i. ACHAEMENID, ii. SASANIAN

  Mohammad A. Dandamayev, Rika Gyselen

  There probably was no clear distinction between state and royal incomes in the Achaemenid empire. All state receipts were considered royal property, as was the income from the king’s estates. Beginning from ca. 519 B.C.E., when Darius I established a new tax system, the peoples subject to the Persians paid 7,740 Babylonian talents of silver (i.e., 232,200 kg) a year.

• FISCAL SYSTEM iii. ISLAMIC PERIOD

  JÜRGEN PAUL

  iii. ISLAMIC PERIOD Such a system can be studied in at least three aspects: First, its relationship to the ruler or the government; second, its relationship to those groups in the population who serve as sources of revenue (“taxpayers”);

• FISCAL SYSTEM iv. SAFAVID AND QAJAR PERIODS

  Willem Floor

  iv. SAFAVID AND QAJAR PERIODS The Safavid shah’s fiscal prerogatives were expressed by terms like bājgoḏār, bājsetān, and jezyagoḏār (tax assessor or tax taker).

• FISCAL SYSTEM v. PAHLAVI PERIOD

  MASSOUD KARSHENAS

  The first attempts at setting up a modern fiscal system in Persian began after the Constitutional Revolution.

• FISCAL SYSTEM vi. ISLAMIC REPUBLIC

  Adnan Mazarei

  The receipt of large revenues from oil exports and their expenditure for developing various sectors of the economy, improving infrastructure, and providing social services have made the government’s fiscal policies a major determinant of the overall economic incentives, structure and level of economic activity.

• FISCHEL, WALTER JOSEPH

  David Yeroushalmi

  (b. 12 November 1902; d. 14 July 1973), a scholar of Oriental Jewry and Islamic civilization.

• FISH

  Multiple Authors

  With about 1,800 km of coastline along the Persian Gulf and the Sea of Oman, and about 990 km on the southern shore of the Caspian Sea, plus some inland fresh waters, Persia has a great variety of aquatic fauna: mollusks, crustaceans, chelonians, mammals (dolphins, whales, seals), and particularly, fishes. Thus the country has rich aquatic resources and considerable potential for fishing and aquaculture.

• FISH i. FRESHWATER FISHES

  Brian W. Coad

  With about 1,800 km of coastline along the Persian Gulf and the Sea of Oman, and about 990 km on the southern shore of the Caspian Sea, plus some inland fresh waters, Persia has a great variety of aquatic fauna: mollusks, crustaceans, chelonians, mammals, and especially fishes.

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• FISH ii. SALT WATER FISHES

  Hušang Aʿlam

  This article deals mainly with the most economically important or otherwise remarkable fishes (except the caviar-yielding Acipenseridae, for which see CAVIAR).

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• FISH iii. IN PRE-ISLAMIC PERSIAN LORE

  Hušang Aʿlam

  The Bundahišn (q.v.) contains interesting pseudo-scientific, mythical, and sometimes inconsistent information about fishes.

• FISH iv. FISH AS FOOD

  NAJMIEH BATMANGLIJ

  Although fish is the main source of animal protein along the northern and southern coasts of Persia, it is not much eaten in the rest of the country but in a smoked form as a delicacy traditionally served with rice and fresh herbs on the first day of the new year at the end of the zodiacal month of Pisces.

• FISHERIES

  Houshang Alam

  There was no real fishing organization in Persia until the second half of the 19th century when Russian subjects, encouraged and backed by the Tsarist Russia’s expansionist policy, becameinncreasingly involved in coastal and fluvial fishing activities in the Caspian provinces of Persia.

• FITZGERALD, EDWARD

  Dick Davis

  (1809-1883),  British translator of The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam (by far the most famous translation ever made from Persian verse into English), as well as Jāmī’s Salāmān o Absāl and ʿAṭṭār’s Manṭeq al-ṭayr.

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• FLAGS

  Multiple Authors

  This article is meant to supplement earlier entries on Iranian vexillology (see ʿALAM VA ʿALĀMAT, BANNERS, and DERAFŠ).

• FLAGS i. Of Persia

  A. Shapur Shahbazi

  The earliest-known representation of lion and sun as a banner device is a miniature painting illustrating a copy, dated 1423, of the Šāh-nāma of Šams-al-Dīn Kāšānī—an epic composition on the Mongol conquest. A similar early depiction is on a large, double-paged miniature dated ca. 1460.

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