Table of Contents

• FORTRESSES

  Cross-reference

  See CASTLES.

• FORŪD (1)

  Jean During

  (lit. descent; Forūvard in Bukharian tradition, Ayaq in Azeri moqām), general designation of the concluding motif of a melodic sequence in Persian music.

• FORŪD (2)

  Djalal Khaleghi-Motlagh

  or Ferōd; son of Sīāvaḵš and half brother of Kay Ḵosrow.

• FORŪGĪ BESṬĀMĪ, ʿABBĀS

  Heshmat Moayyad

  or BASṬĀMĪ (b. Karbalā, 1798; d. Tehran, 1857), 19th-century poet.

• FORŪGĪ, ABU'L-ḤASAN

  Bagher Agheli

  (b. Isfahan, 1884; d. Tehran, 1960), educator and author.

• FORŪGĪ, MOḤAMMAD-ʿALĪ ḎOKĀʾ-AL-MOLK

  Fakhreddin Azimi, Iraj Afshar

  (1877-1942), statesman, scholar, and man of letters. Forūḡī’s personal integrity and honesty have rarely been disputed, even by his critics. Others have blamed him for helping to bring about Reżā Shah’s regime and continuing to serve it despite its blatant misdeeds.

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• FORŪGĪ, MOḤAMMAD-ḤOSAYN Khan Ḏokāʾ-al-Molk

  Manouchehr Kasheff

  (b. Isfahan, 1839; d. Tehran, 1907), poet, journalist, literateur, translator, and author.

• FORŪGĪ, MOḤSEN

  Mina Marefat and EIr, Richard N. Frye

  (1907-1983), pioneer of modern architecture in Persia, an influential professor of architecture at the University of Tehran, and a noted collector of Persian art. He was imprisoned in 1979 after the revolution, and his art collection was placed in the Archaeological Museum, Tehran.

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• FORUTAN, ʿALI-AKBAR

  IRAJ AYMAN

  In Ashkhabad, Forutan had the opportunity to study under the Bahai scholar, Mirzā Mahdi Golpāygāni, and at his bidding gave lectures at Bahai meetings and wrote articles for the Bahai magazines Fekr-e-javān and Ḵoršid-e ḵāvar.  When he was in secondary school, Forutan served as a member of the Bahai Youth Committee in Ashkhabad.

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• FORUTAN, YŪSOF

  Jean During

  a twentieth century master of Persian music.

• FORUZĀNFAR, Badiʿ-al-Zamān

  Abd-al-Hosayn Zarrinkub

  (1903-1970) Persian literary scholar and critic, professor at the University of Tehran, one of the pioneers of literary studies in modern Persia. A significant part of Forūzānfar’s scholarship was devoted to Rūmī and his associates; other works cover Islamic mysticism and philosophy.

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• FOTOWWA

  Cross-reference

  See JAVĀNMARDĪ.

• FOTŪḤ AL-SALĀṮĪN

  Cross-reference

  Work by Indo-Muslim poet ʿAbd-al-Malek ʿEṣāmi. See ʿEṢAMI, ʿABD-AL-MALEK.

• FOUCHER, ALFRED

  François de Blois

  (1865-1952), the first head of the French Archaeological Mission in Afghanistan (see DÉLÉGATIONS ARCHÉOLOGIQUES FRANÇAISES, ii.) and a noted scholar on Grœco-Buddhist art.

• FOUNDATIONS

  Cross-reference

  See under individual entries, such as BONYĀD-E FARHANG-E ĪRĀN; BONYĀD-E ŠAHĪD; BONYĀD-E ŠĀH-NĀMA-YE FERDOWSĪ.

• FOWAṬĪ, HEŠĀM

  Josef van Ess

  b. ʿAMR (d. Baghdad, ca. 845), Muʿtazilite theologian of Basran affiliation and student of Abu’l-Hoḏayl.

• FOX i. NATURAL HISTORY

  Steven C. Anderson

  small member of the dog family (Canidae). They occur throughout most of the world, with four species in Iran and Afghanistan, i. NATURAL HISTORY.

• FOX ii. IN PERSIA

  Mahmoud and Teresa Omidsalar

  In pre-Islamic Iran, the fox was considered as one of the ten varieties of dog, created against a demon called xabag dēw. In Islam, although consuming fox flesh is forbidden by most schools of law, medicinal use of various parts of the fox’s body is allowed for treatment of a variety of conditions.

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• FOŻŪLĪ, MOḤAMMAD

  Eir

  b. Solaymān (ca. 1480-1556), widely regarded as the greatest lyric poet in Azerbayjani Turkish, who also wrote extensively in Arabic and Persian.

• FRĀDA

  Muhammad A. Dandamayev

  a sixth century Margian leader.

• FRAHANG Ī OĪM

  William W. Malandra

  an Avestan-Pahlavi glossary so named after its first entry, Av. oīm glossed by Pahl. ēwag, though the work is introduced with the lengthy title: “On the understanding of the speech and words of the Avesta, namely, what and how its zand is.”

• FRAHANG Ī PAHLAWĪG

  D. N. MacKenzie

  lit. “a Pahlavi dictionary,” is rather a description than the title of an anonymous glossary of some five hundred mostly Aramaic heterograms (ideograms), in the form used by Zoroastrians in writing Middle Persian (Book Pahlavi), each explained by a “phonetic” writing of the corresponding Persian word.

• FRAMADĀR

  Marie-Louise Chaumont

  or FRAMĀTĀR; a Sasanian administrative title.

• FRANCE

  Multiple Authors

  Relations with Iran.

• FRANCE i. Introduction

  Jean Calmard

  Compared to the long-standing history of Persian civilization, France emerged as a powerful entity endowed with its own distinctive culture only in the 13th century C.E., i.e. the great century of Christianity.

• FRANCE ii. RELATIONS WITH PERSIA TO 1789

  Jean Calmard

  In the early Middle Ages, Persia was perceived by the French mostly through biblical, Greek, and Latin sources.

• FRANCE iii. RELATIONS WITH PERSIA 1789-1918

  Florence Hellot-Bellier

  After more than sixty years of half-hearted diplomatic maneuverings, permanent relations were finally established between the France and Persia in 1855.

• FRANCE iv. RELATIONS WITH PERSIA SINCE 1918

  Marie-Louise Chaumont

  During the First World War, France, unlike England, Russia, Germany, and the Ottoman Empire, had no direct strategic interests in Persia.

• FRANCE v. ADMINISTRATIVE AND MILITARY CONTACTS WITH PERSIA

  Massoud Farnoud

  The motives for Franco-Persian administrative and military contacts between the French Revolution of 1789 and the Persian Constitutional Revolution of 1906, their implementation and their impact on Persia will be examined here.

• FRANCE vi. PERSIA AND THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

  Mohammad Tavakoli-Targhi

  Persians saw the French Revolution as sedition (fetna), corruption (fesād), a general disturbance by the populace (balwā-ye ʿāmm), insurrection (šūreš), the great revolution (enqelāb-e ʿaẓīm), and the great revolution (enqelāb-e kabīr).

• FRANCE vii. FRENCH TRAVELERS IN PERSIA, 1600-1730

  Anne-Marie Touzard

  While the Italian cities and Spain entered into diplomatic relations with Persia at an early date, this was not true of France, despite an abortive attempt—the dispatch in 1626 of Louis Deshayes de Courmenin to the court of Shah ʿAbbās I. The early 17th century also witnessed the great missionary upsurge in France.

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• FRANCE viii. TRAVELOGUES OF THE 18TH-20TH CENTURIES

  Nader Nasiri-Moghaddam

  On the reign of Nāder Shah (1736-1747), accounts by missionaries, notably those by the Jesuit Père Louis Bazin, chief physician to Nāder Shah from 1746 until the latter’s assassination, form useful complements to the Persian sources.

• FRANCE ix. IMAGE OF PERSIA AND PERSIAN LITERATURE AMONG FRENCH AUTHORS

  J. Duchesne-Guillemin

  France used Persia as a means of social, political, and religious self-criticism, and they were interested in Zoroastrianism as “the most ancient religion."

• FRANCE x. FRENCH LITERATURE IN PERSIA

  Christophe Balay

  The new trends in Persian literature in the beginning of the 20th century are closely related to social and political changes which began in Persia under Nāṣer-al-Dīn Shah (1848-96), and brought about the Constitutional Revolution of 1905-11.

• FRANCE xi. PERSIAN ART AND ART COLLECTIONS IN FRANCE

  Yves Porter

  French collections, both public and private, contain hundreds of Persian works of art. Some of these reached France during the Middle Ages, notably after the Crusades, but most of the great collections containing Persian art were created during the second half of the 19th century.

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• FRANCE xii(a). IRANIAN STUDIES IN FRANCE: OVERVIEW

  Vincent Hachard and Bernard Hourcade

  The genuine beginning of Persian studies in France began with the foundation in Istanbul and Smyrna (Izmir) of a “School of languages for the young” in 1669 to train translators of Ottoman Turkish for French consulates.

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• FRANCE xii(b). IRANIAN STUDIES IN FRANCE: PRE-ISLAMIC PERIOD

  Philippe Gignoux

  The French contribution to pre-Islamic Iranian studies, both in philological studies and archeology, has been considerable.

• FRANCE xii(c). IRANIAN STUDIES IN FRANCE: SOCIAL SCIENCES AND MODERN PERSIA

  Bernard Hourcade

  The history of French scholarship on modern Persia particularly in the field of social sciences was shaped by major external factors including the overall political relationship between the two countries and the radical changes which took place in the French university system and the organization of its scholarly missions to Persia in the latter half of this century.

• FRANCE xiii. INSTITUT FRANÇAIS DE RECHERCHE EN IRAN

  R. Boucharlat

  The Institut français de recherche en Iran (IFRI) was established in its present form and under the above name in l983, although in Persia it is usually referred to as Anjoman-e īrān-šenāsī-e farānsa dar Īrān.

• FRANCE xiv. FRENCH ARCHAEOLOGICAL MISSION

  Cross-reference

  See DÉLÉGATIONS ARCHÉOLOGIQUES FRANÇAISES i.

• FRANCE xv. FRENCH SCHOOLS IN PERSIA

  Djavad Hadidi

  French schools in Persia had more varied roots than other foreign schools, originating from three distinct sources: Catholic, Jewish, and secular. Catholic schools were established by Lazarist missionaries, Jewish schools by the Alliance Israélite Universelle, and lay schools by Alliance Française.

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• FRANCE xvi. LOANWORDS IN PERSIAN

  Guitty Deyhime

  The gradual entry of a large number of loan words into Persian from European languages and most notably from French began in the 19th century and continued through the 20th century as part of the process of modernization of culture and society in Persia.

• FRANCE xvii. Persian Community in France

  Vida Nassehi-Behnam

  The emergence of a Persian community in France can perhaps be traced back to 1272/1855-6, when Farrok Khan Ḡaffārī, Amīn-al-Molk, later Amīn-al-Dawla was sent to Paris as the shah’s envoy (īlcī-e kabīr).

• FRANKLIN BOOK PROGRAM

  Datus C. Smith, Jr.

  (Moʾassasa-ye entešārāt-e Ferānklīn), an American non-profit corporation seeking to aid development of indigenous book publishing in the developing countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin America. The program in Persia (1954-1979, the first after Egypt) was the largest of the seventeen around the world.

• FRANRASYAN

  Cross-reference

  See AFRĀSĪĀB.

• FRĀRĀST

  Cross-reference

  See WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.

• FRAŠEGERD

  Cross-reference

  See FRAŠŌ.KƎRƎTI.

• FRASER JAMES BAILLIE

  Denis Wright

  (1783-1856), 15th laird of Reelig, traveler, writer, and artist.

• FRAŠŌ.KƎRƎTI

  Almut Hintze

  an eschatological term referring to the final renovation and transfiguration of Ahura Mazdā’s creation after evil has been utterly defeated and driven away.

• FRAŠOŠTAR

  Cross-reference

  See JĀMĀSP.