Table of Contents

• FARROḴ, Sayyed MAḤMŪD

  Jalal Matini

  (b. Mašhad, 1896; d. Mašhad, 1981), litterateur, poet, Majles deputy, and executive.

• FARROḴĀN-E BOZORG

  Cross-Reference

  See DĀBŪYĪDS.

• FARROḴĀN-E KŪČAK

  Cross-Reference

  See DĀBŪYĪDS.

• FARROḴĪ SĪSTĀNĪ, ABU’L-ḤASAN ʿALĪ

  J. T. P. de Bruijn

  b. Jūlūḡ, eleventh century Persian court poet.

• FARROḴĪ YAZDĪ

  Ahmad Karimi-Hakkak

  (1889-1939), journalist and poet and an early advocate of socialist revolution in Persia.

• FARROḴZĀD

  Cross-Reference

  son of Ḵosrow II, ruled briefly in 630/631. See SASANIAN DYNASTY.

• FARROḴZĀD, ABŪ ŠOJĀʿ

  C. Edmund Bosworth

  b. Masʿūd b. Maḥmūd, Ghaznavid sultan of Afghanistan and northern India (r. 1052-59).

• FARROḴZĀD, FORŪḠ-ZAMĀN

  Farzaneh Milani

  (b. Tehran, 1935; d. Tehran, 1967), usually known as Forūḡ, Persian poet.

• FARROXMARD

  Cross-Reference

  See MĀDAYĀN-Ī HAZĀR DĀDISTĀN.

• FĀRS

  Multiple Authors

  province in southern Persia.

• FĀRS i. Geography

  Xavier de Planhol

  The heart of Fārs is comprised of the highland basins. East of the meridian of Bušehr and Isfahan, the Zagros mountain chains, which gradually decrease in altitude toward the southeast but still mostly remain above 2,000 and sometimes 3,000 m.

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• FĀRS ii. History in the Pre-Islamic Period

  Josef Wiesehöfer

  The history of early pre-Islamic Fārs is most closely interwoven with that of its eastern and western neighbors. Agrarian settlements had been established (by immigrants?) in the Muški phase in the Kor basin, a widely and well researched area, before 5,500 B.C.E.

• FĀRS iii. History in the Islamic Period

  A. K. S. Lambton

  Although the Arabs did not take over the Sasanian system of quadrants, they kept the division of Fārs into five kūras, a division which continued until the 6th/12th century. Shiraz, a continuously inhabited site which may go back to Sasanian or even earlier times, became and has remained the provincial capital.

• FĀRS iv. History in the Qajar and Pahlavi Periods

  Ahmad Ashraf

  The Qajar period (1794-1921) was marked in Fārs by developments such as the rule of dozens of prince-governors; Britain’s influence, with domination of the Persian Gulf; division of the Qašqāʾī and Ḵamsa tribal confederacies; continued local autonomy of tribal khans and influential landowners; and the increasing political role of the ʿolamāʾ.

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• FĀRS v. Monuments

  Dietrich Huff

  The founder of the Sasanian empire, Ardašīr I (224-40), shifted the seat of power to the newly founded Ardašīr Ḵorra (Fīrūzābād), a circular city with palaces that are still preserved. His successor, Šāpūr I, built Bīšāpūr as his capital. Nevertheless, Eṣṭaḵr remained the most important city of Fārs until Shiraz surpassed it after the Islamic conquest in the 7th century.

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• FĀRS vi. Population

  Habib Zanjani

  The province of Fārs is the largest and the most populous province in the south of Persia. In the  national census of 1996, it was composed of 16 counties (šahrestāns), comprising a total of 60 districts (baḵš), 48 towns (šahr), and 185 village clusters (dehestān).

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• FĀRS vii. Ethnography

  Pierre Oberling

  The largest part of the population of Fārs is of Iranian stock, but since the rise of Islam in the 7th century there has been substantial immigration of peoples of other ethnic origins into the province.

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• FĀRS viii. Dialects

  Gernot Windfuhr

  Local variants of Persian are found in most cities and towns and their vicinities, and, rurally, mainly in the northeastern parts of the region, all of which tend to reflect a good deal of the vocabulary and idiomatic features of the earlier non-Persian dialects.

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• FĀRS ix. PREHISTORIC SEQUENCE

  Abbas Alizadeh

  Six archeological sites—Tall-e Muški, Tall-e Jari A and B, Tall-e Gap, and Tall-e Bākun A and B—in the Persepolis plain of the Marvdašt area are the primary sources for the study of the prehistoric cultural development in Fārs.

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• FĀRS NEWSPAPER

  Nassereddin Parvin

  name of two newspapers published in Shiraz.

• FĀRS-NĀMA-YE EBN-E BALḴĪ

  Cross-Reference

  See EBN AL-BALḴĪ.

• FĀRS-NĀMA-YE NĀṢERĪ

  Heribert Busse; Ahmad Ashraf and Ali Banuazizi

  a history and geography of the province of Fārs, with maps and illustrations, by Mīrzā Ḥasan Fasāʾī (1821-1898). Part two includes topics such as the climate of Fārs, its flora and fauna, agricultural products, the position of Fārs according to longitude and latitude, the problem of cartographic projection.

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• FARSANG

  Cross-Reference

  See WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.

• FARŠĒDVARD

  Djalal Khaleghi-Motlagh

  a Kayanian prince in the Iranian legendary history, son of Goštāsp and brother of Esfandīār.

• FĀRSĪ, ABŪ NAṢR ḤEBBAT-ALLĀH

  Cross-reference

  Official, soldier and poet of the Ghaznavid empire, flourished in the second half of the 5th/11th century during the reigns of the sultans Ebrāhīm b. Masʿūd I and Masʿūd III b. Ebrāhīm. See ABŪ NAṢR FĀRSĪ.

• FĀRSI, KAMĀL-AL-DIN

  Cross-Reference

  (d. 1320), the most significant figure in optics after Ebn al-Hayṯam. See FĀRESĪ, KAMĀL-AL-DĪN ABU’L-ḤASAN MOḤAMMAD.

• FĀRSĪMADĀN

  Pierre Oberling

  one of the most important tribes of the Qašqāʾī tribal confederacy.

• FĀRŪQĪ DYNASTY

  Carl W. Ernst

   of Khandesh, lit. "land of the khans" in present-day Madhya Pradesh (1370-1601). The prosperity of Khandesh depended upon trade and the production of fine textiles. Patronage of Češtī Sufism also was an important element of Fārūqī state policy.

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• FĀRŪQĪ EBRĀHĪM

  Cross-Reference

  See FARHANG-E EBRĀHĪMĪ.

• FĀRŪQĪ, MOLLĀ MAḤMŪD

  Cross-reference

  See Supplement.

• FĀRYĀB

  Daniel Balland

  by the 10th century, one of the towns of the Farighunid princes of Gūzgān, vassals of the Samanids. The medieval name was revived when the high governorate (ḥokūmat-e ʿalā) of Maymana was elevated to the rank of province (welāyat). Its cities, besides Maymana, are Andḵūy and Dawlatābād.

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• FĀRYĀBĪ, ẒAHĪR-AL-DĪN ABU’L-FAŻL ṬĀHER

  J.T.P. de Bruijn

  b. Moḥammad, twelfth century Persian poet who used Ẓahīr as his pen name.

• FARYĀD

  Nassereddin Parvin

  the title of seven publications in Persian.

• FARYŪMAD

  Chahryar Adle

  (modern FARŪMAD), MONUMENTS OF.

• FARYŪMADĪ, YAMĪN-AL-DĪN

  Cross-Reference

  See EBN YAMĪN.

• FARZĀD, MASʿŪD

  Ahmad Karimi Hakkak

  (b. Sanandaj, 1906; d. London, 1981), Persian litterateur and poet.

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• FARZĀN, Sayyed Moḥammad

  EIr

  (b. near Birjand, 1894; d. Bābolsar, 1970), an eminent scholar of classical literature.

• FASĀ

  Multiple Authors

  a sub-province and a city in Fārs.

• FASĀ i. Geography and History

  MĪNŪ YŪSOFNEŽĀD and JUDITH LERNER

  The sub-province (šahrestān) of Fasā, with an area of ca. 3,820 km2, is bounded to the north by the šahrestāns of Eṣṭahbān/Estahbān and Shiraz, to the east by Eṣṭahbān and Dārāb, to the south by Dārāb and Jahrom, and to the west by Jahrom and Shiraz. 

• FASĀ ii. Tall-e Żaḥḥāk

  JOHN F. HANSMAN

  a tell or artificial mound, lying within a still broader archeological zone, built up by successive layers of human occupation from prehistoric to medieval times; it is located 130 km south of Shiraz and 3 km southeast of Fasā.

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• FASĀʾĪ, ḤĀJJ MĪRZĀ ḤASAN ḤOSAYNĪ

  Cross-Reference

  See FĀRS-NĀMA-YE NĀṢERĪ.

• FAṢD

  Cross-Reference

  See BLOODLETTING.

• FASIH, Esma’il

  Ali Ferdowsi

  (1935-2009), eminent Persian novelist and translator.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• FAṢĪḤĪ HERAVĪ, MĪRZĀ FAṢĪḤ-AL-DĪN

  ḎABĪḤ-ĀLLĀH ṢAFĀ

  b. Abu’l-Makārem b. Mawlānā Mīrjān Anṣārī (1579-1639), poet of the 11th/17th century.

• FASMER, RICHARD RICHARDOVICH

  Anatol Ivanov

  or VASMER (1858-1938), eminent Russian numismatist.

• FASTING

  Denise Soufi

  in Persia. Both individually and communally, fasting is typically a religious exercise—employed by devotees as means of supplication to the will of God, preparation for rites of devotion, worship of divinity, purification of the body so that spiritual issues can be better comprehended, penitence for transgressions against religious codes, and mourning for deceased persons.  OVERVIEW of entry: i. Among Zoroastrians, Manicheans, and Bahais. ii. In Sunni and Shiʿite Islam.

• FATALISM

  Based on a longer article by ʿAbd-al-Ḥosayn Zarrīnkūb

  in the Islamic period. The concept of fatalism as commonly used in Islamic philosophy and Persian literature denotes the belief in the pre-ordained Decree of God (qażā wa qadar), according to which whatever happens to human beings or in the whole universe has been pre-determined by the will and knowledge of the Almighty, and that no changes or transformations in it can be made through the agency of the human will.

• FATĀWĪ-E ʿĀLAMGĪRĪ

  S. H. Qasemi

  abridged Persian translation by Qāżī Najm-al-Dīn Khan Kākorī of a six-volume Arabic work on Hanafite law (ed. Būlāq, 1859) considered the authoritative compendium of religious law, policy, and practice in India.

• FATE

  Cross-Reference

  See BAḴT; FATALISM; FREE WILL.

• FĀTEḤ, MOṢṬAFĀ

  Bāqer ʿĀqelī

  (b. Isfahan, 1896; d. London, 1978), a deputy director-general of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company and banker.