Table of Contents
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FARRĀŠ
Cross-Reference
See CITIES iii.
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FARROḴ KHAN KĀŠĪ, AMĪN-AL-MOLK
Cross-Reference
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FARROḴ, Sayyed MAḤMŪD
Jalal Matini
(b. Mašhad, 1896; d. Mašhad, 1981), litterateur, poet, Majles deputy, and executive.
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FARROḴĀN-E BOZORG
Cross-Reference
See DĀBŪYĪDS.
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FARROḴĀN-E KŪČAK
Cross-Reference
See DĀBŪYĪDS.
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FARROḴI
Habib Borjian
a township on the southern edge of the Great Desert, in Ḵur-Biābānak Sub-province, Isfahan Province.
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FARROḴĪ SĪSTĀNĪ, ABU’L-ḤASAN ʿALĪ
J. T. P. de Bruijn
b. Jūlūḡ, eleventh century Persian court poet.
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FARROḴĪ YAZDĪ
Ahmad Karimi-Hakkak
(1889-1939), journalist and poet and an early advocate of socialist revolution in Persia.
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FARROḴZĀD
Cross-Reference
son of Ḵosrow II, ruled briefly in 630/631. See SASANIAN DYNASTY.
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FARROḴZĀD, ABŪ ŠOJĀʿ
C. Edmund Bosworth
b. Masʿūd b. Maḥmūd, Ghaznavid sultan of Afghanistan and northern India (r. 1052-59).
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FARROḴZĀD, FORŪḠ-ZAMĀN
Farzaneh Milani
(b. Tehran, 1935; d. Tehran, 1967), usually known as Forūḡ, Persian poet.
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FARROXMARD
Cross-Reference
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FĀRS
Multiple Authors
province in southern Persia.
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FĀRS i. Geography
Xavier de Planhol
comprised of the highland basins. East of the meridian of Bušehr and Isfahan, the Zagros mountain chains, which gradually decrease in altitude toward the southeast but still mostly remain above 2,000 and sometimes 3,000 m.
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FĀRS ii. History in the Pre-Islamic Period
Josef Wiesehöfer
The history of early pre-Islamic Fārs is most closely interwoven with that of its eastern and western neighbors. Agrarian settlements had been established (by immigrants?) in the Muški phase in the Kor basin, a widely and well researched area, before 5,500 B.C.E.
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FĀRS iii. History in the Islamic Period
A. K. S. Lambton
Although the Arabs did not take over the Sasanian system of quadrants, they kept the division of Fārs into five kūras, a division which continued until the 6th/12th century. Shiraz, a continuously inhabited site which may go back to Sasanian or even earlier times, became and has remained the provincial capital.
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FĀRS iv. History in the Qajar and Pahlavi Periods
Ahmad Ashraf
The Qajar period (1794-1921) was marked in Fārs by rule of dozens of prince-governors; Britain’s influence; division of the Qašqāʾī and Ḵamsa tribal confederacies; continued local autonomy of tribal khans and influential landowners; and the increasing political role of the ʿolamāʾ.
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FĀRS v. Monuments
Dietrich Huff
The founder of the Sasanian empire, Ardašīr I (224-40), shifted the seat of power to the newly founded Ardašīr Ḵorra (Fīrūzābād), a circular city with palaces that are still preserved. His successor, Šāpūr I, built Bīšāpūr as his capital. Nevertheless, Eṣṭaḵr remained the most important city of Fārs until Shiraz surpassed it after the Islamic conquest in the 7th century.
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FĀRS vi. Population
Habib Zanjani
The province of Fārs is the largest and the most populous province in the south of Persia. In the national census of 1996, it was composed of 16 counties (šahrestāns), comprising a total of 60 districts (baḵš), 48 towns (šahr), and 185 village clusters (dehestān).
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FĀRS vii. Ethnography
Pierre Oberling
The largest part of the population of Fārs is of Iranian stock, but since the rise of Islam in the 7th century there has been substantial immigration of peoples of other ethnic origins into the province.
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FĀRS viii. Dialects
Gernot Windfuhr
Local variants of Persian are found in most cities and towns and their vicinities, and, rurally, mainly in the northeastern parts of the region, all of which tend to reflect a good deal of the vocabulary and idiomatic features of the earlier non-Persian dialects.
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FĀRS ix. PREHISTORIC SEQUENCE
Abbas Alizadeh
Six archeological sites—Tall-e Muški, Tall-e Jari A and B, Tall-e Gap, and Tall-e Bākun A and B—in the Persepolis plain of the Marvdašt area are the primary sources for the study of the prehistoric cultural development in Fārs.
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FĀRS NEWSPAPER
Nassereddin Parvin
name of two newspapers published in Shiraz.
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FĀRS-NĀMA-YE EBN-E BALḴĪ
Cross-Reference
See EBN AL-BALḴĪ.
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FĀRS-NĀMA-YE NĀṢERĪ
Heribert Busse; Ahmad Ashraf and Ali Banuazizi
a history and geography of the province of Fārs, with maps and illustrations, by Mīrzā Ḥasan Fasāʾī (1821-1898). Part two includes topics such as the climate of Fārs, its flora and fauna, agricultural products, the position of Fārs according to longitude and latitude, the problem of cartographic projection.
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FARSANG
Cross-Reference
See WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.
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FARŠĒDVARD
Djalal Khaleghi-Motlagh
a Kayanian prince in the Iranian legendary history, son of Goštāsp and brother of Esfandīār.
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FĀRSĪ, ABŪ NAṢR ḤEBBAT-ALLĀH
Cross-reference
Official, soldier and poet of the Ghaznavid empire, flourished in the second half of the 5th/11th century during the reigns of the sultans Ebrāhīm b. Masʿūd I and Masʿūd III b. Ebrāhīm. See ABŪ NAṢR FĀRSĪ.
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FĀRSI, KAMĀL-AL-DIN
Cross-Reference
(d. 1320), the most significant figure in optics after Ebn al-Hayṯam. See FĀRESĪ, KAMĀL-AL-DĪN ABU’L-ḤASAN MOḤAMMAD.
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FĀRSĪMADĀN
Pierre Oberling
one of the most important tribes of the Qašqāʾī tribal confederacy.
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FĀRŪQĪ DYNASTY
Carl W. Ernst
of Khandesh, lit. "land of the khans" in present-day Madhya Pradesh (1370-1601). The prosperity of Khandesh depended upon trade and the production of fine textiles. Patronage of Češtī Sufism also was an important element of Fārūqī state policy.
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FĀRŪQĪ EBRĀHĪM
Cross-Reference
See FARHANG-E EBRĀHĪMĪ.
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FĀRŪQĪ, MOLLĀ MAḤMŪD
Cross-reference
See Supplement.
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FARVI DIALECT
Habib Borjian
Farvi or Farvigi is the native dialect of Farroḵi, a township in the sub-province of Ḵur o Biābānak on the edge of the Great Persian Desert.
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FĀRYĀB
Daniel Balland
by the 10th century, one of the towns of the Farighunid princes of Gūzgān, vassals of the Samanids. The medieval name was revived when the high governorate (ḥokūmat-e ʿalā) of Maymana was elevated to the rank of province (welāyat). Its cities, besides Maymana, are Andḵūy and Dawlatābād.
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FĀRYĀBĪ, ẒAHĪR-AL-DĪN ABU’L-FAŻL ṬĀHER
J.T.P. de Bruijn
b. Moḥammad, twelfth century Persian poet who used Ẓahīr as his pen name.
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FARYĀD
Nassereddin Parvin
the title of seven publications in Persian.
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FARYŪMAD
Chahryar Adle
(modern FARŪMAD), MONUMENTS OF.
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FARYŪMADĪ, YAMĪN-AL-DĪN
Cross-Reference
See EBN YAMĪN.
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FARZĀD, MASʿŪD
Ahmad Karimi Hakkak
Throughout this period, Farzād wrote poetry, mostly within the classical tradition. In 1942 he published a selection of his poems in a volume entitled Waqtī ke šāʿer būdam (When I was a poet). He had also begun work on a new edition of Ḥāfeẓ’s Dīvān, a task which became a life-long labor.
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FARZĀN, Sayyed Moḥammad
EIr
(b. near Birjand, 1894; d. Bābolsar, 1970), an eminent scholar of classical literature.
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FASĀ
Multiple Authors
a sub-province and a city in Fārs.
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FASĀ i. Geography and History
MĪNŪ YŪSOFNEŽĀD and JUDITH LERNER
The sub-province (šahrestān) of Fasā, with an area of ca. 3,820 km2, is bounded to the north by the šahrestāns of Eṣṭahbān/Estahbān and Shiraz, to the east by Eṣṭahbān and Dārāb, to the south by Dārāb and Jahrom, and to the west by Jahrom and Shiraz.
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FASĀ ii. Tall-e Żaḥḥāk
JOHN F. HANSMAN
a tell or artificial mound, lying within a still broader archeological zone, built up by successive layers of human occupation from prehistoric to medieval times; it is located 130 km south of Shiraz and 3 km southeast of Fasā.
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FASĀʾĪ, ḤĀJJ MĪRZĀ ḤASAN ḤOSAYNĪ
Cross-Reference
See FĀRS-NĀMA-YE NĀṢERĪ.
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FAṢD
Cross-Reference
See BLOODLETTING.
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FASIH, Esma’il
Ali Ferdowsi
Fasih left Iran in 1956, and eventually ended up in Montana State College in Bozeman, Montana. Beginning with his junior year at the college, he transferred to the University of Montana in Missoula where he earned a BS in Chemistry and a BA in English.
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FAṢĪḤĪ HERAVĪ, MĪRZĀ FAṢĪḤ-AL-DĪN
ḎABĪḤ-ĀLLĀH ṢAFĀ
b. Abu’l-Makārem b. Mawlānā Mīrjān Anṣārī (1579-1639), poet of the 11th/17th century.
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FASMER, RICHARD RICHARDOVICH
Anatol Ivanov
or VASMER (1858-1938), eminent Russian numismatist.
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FASTING
Denise Soufi
in Persia. Both individually and communally, fasting is typically a religious exercise—employed by devotees as means of supplication to the will of God, preparation for rites of devotion, worship of divinity, purification of the body so that spiritual issues can be better comprehended, penitence for transgressions against religious codes, and mourning for deceased persons. OVERVIEW of entry: i. Among Zoroastrians, Manicheans, and Bahais. ii. In Sunni and Shiʿite Islam.