Table of Contents
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FRATARAKA
Josef Wiesehöfer
lit. “leader, governor, forerunner”; ancient Persian title.
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FRAVARTISH
Cross-Reference
Median rebel against Darius I. See PHRAORTES.
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FRAVAŠI
Mary Boyce
the Avestan word for a powerful supernatural being whose concept at an early stage in Zoroastrianism became blended with that of the urvan (the human soul).
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FRAWĀG
Cross-reference
See SĪĀMAG.
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FRAWAHR
Cross-reference
See FRAVAŠI.
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FRAWARDĪGĀN
William W. Malandra
name of the ten-day Zoroastrian festival (gāhānbār) at year’s end in honor of the spirits of the dead.
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FRAWARDĪN
Cross-reference
name of the nineteenth day of a month and also the name of the first month of the year in the Zoroastrian calendar. See CALENDARS i.
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FRAWARDĪN YAŠT
Mary Boyce
the thirteenth of the Zoroastrian yašt hymns, devoted to the fravašis.
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FRĀXKARD
Ahmad Tafazzoli
name of the cosmic ocean in Iranian mythology.
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FREE VERSE
Ahmad Karimi-Hakkak
in Persian poetry. The term šeʿr-e āzād, Persian for the French vers libre and English free verse, entered Persia in the 1940s and immediately began to be used in a variety of senses and applied to diverse subspecies of the emerging canon of šeʿr-e now (new poetry), especially to highlight those features in which this body of poetry was felt to differ from classical Persian poetry and the contemporary practice modeled after it.
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FREE WILL
Multiple Authors
i. IN TWELVER SHI'ISM, ii. IN ISMA'ILI SHI'ISM.
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FREEMASONRY
Multiple Authors
This famous fraternal order, bound by rituals and secret oaths, was introduced to Persia and adopted by Persian notables in the 19th century. It developed in the early 20th century and burgeoned in the period from 1950-78. Its practice still continues among some middle- and upper-class Persians in exile at the turn of the 21st century. The topic will be treated in five entries.
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FREEMASONRY i. INTRODUCTION
Hasan Azinfar, M.-T. Eskandari, and Edward Joseph
The principal officers of the Lodge are the Worshipful Master and the Senior and Junior Wardens. The Worshipful Master is the head and chief of the Lodge, the source of light, of knowledge, and instruction. Dressed formally on a high pedestal, he presides over the formal Masonic sessions.
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FREEMASONRY ii. In the Qajar Period
Hamid Algar
Persians made their first acquaintance with Freemasonry outside Persia, in India, and more importantly in Europe, and it was not until the first decade of the 20th century that a lodge regularly affiliated to one of the recognized European obediences appeared in the country.
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FREEMASONRY iii. In the Pahlavi Period
EIr
There were three distinct phases: (1) dormancy, from 1925-1950 under Reżā Shah and for the decade following his abdication in 1941; (2) revival, and the creation of the Lodge Pahlavi; (3) burgeoning, in the period of 1955-78, when dozens of regular lodges were chartered.
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FREEMASONRY iv. The 1979 Revolution
EIr
From the onset of the 1978-79 revolutionary upheavals the Persian Freemasons became vulnerable to the anti-Masonic sentiments and threats of the main participants in the revolutionary coalition, including Islamic Fundamentalists, Leftist organizations, and Liberal-Nationalist forces.
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FREEMASONRY v. In Exile
Hasan Azinfar, M.-T. Eskandari, and Edward Joseph
Many master Masons managed to leave the country legally or illegally and emigrated to Europe, Canada, and the United States.
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FREĬMAN, Aleksandr Arnol’dovich
Solomon Bayevsky
(1879-1968), founder and the head of the Soviet school of the comparative-historical method in Iranian linguistics. For sixty years, Freĭman worked in various areas of Iranian languages. His work on Sogdian, Chorasmian, and Ossetic is especially important.
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FRENCH REVOLUTION
Cross-reference
and Persia. See FRANCE ii and FRANCE iii.
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FRIDAY PRAYERS
Cross-Reference
leader of the congregational prayer performed at midday on Fridays. See EMĀM-E JOMʿA.
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FRIT WARES
Cross-reference
See CERAMICS xiv.
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FROGS
Cross-reference
See AMPHIBIANS.
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FRONTIERS
Cross-reference
See BOUNDARIES.
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FRUIT
Hūšang Aʿlam
(mīva). Jean Chardin (1643-1713) reported (p. 24) that “in Persia there were all the same kinds of fruit as in Europe and many others, all incomparatively delicious.” He noted the great variety of melons, cucumbers, grapes, dates, apricots, pomegranates, apples, pears, oranges, quinces, prunes, figs, pistachios, almonds, walnuts, filberts, and olives.
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FRYER, JOHN
Michael J. Franklin
(b. ca. 1650; d. 1733), British travel-writer and doctor. His writings display a lively curiosity, which, sharpened by his scientific training, produces accurate observations in geology, meteorology, and all aspects of natural history.
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FŪLĀD-ZEREH
Mahmoud Omidsalar
lit. “[possessing] steel armor,” the name of a hideous demon in the story of Amīr Arsalān.
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FŪMAN
Marcel Bazin
town and district in western Gīlān, 21 km west-southwest of Rašt, on the left bank of Gāzrūdbār river. An important town in medieval times, Fūman is again a commercial and administrative center, with a very active Tuesday market and a large tea-processing factory.
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FŪMANĪ, ʿABD-AL-FATTĀḤ
Sholeh Quinn
author of the Tārīḵ-e Gīlān, a local history of Gīlān covering the years 1517-1628.
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FUMITORY
M. H. Bokhari and W. Frey
or šāhtara; term used for two species of plants of the genus Fumaria in Persia, Fumaria officinalis and Fumaria parviflora.
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FUNERAL CUSTOMS
Cross-reference
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FŪŠANJ
C. Edmund Bosworth
a town of medieval eastern Khorasan, situated just to the south of the Harīrūd River, and variously described in the sources as being between six and ten farsaḵs to the west-southwest of Herat.
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FŪŠANJĪ HERAVĪ, ABU’L-ḤASAN ʿALĪ,
Gerhard Böwering
correctly BŪŠANJĪ; b. Aḥmad b. Sahl (d. 958/959), an important exponent of the fetyān (javān-mardān) of Khorasan.
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Fadāye Roḳsār - Dekr Qāderieh
music sample
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Falak-e Matam
music sample
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F~ CAPTIONS OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Cross-Reference
list of all the figure and plate images in the letter F entries.