Search Results for “Ahar”

• AHAR

  ʿA. ʿA. Kārang

  the name of a county (šahrestān) and town in Azerbaijan.

• AHAR RIVER

  ʿA. ʿA. Kārang

  Originating in the mountains of Eškanbar, Sārī Čaman and Qarāǰa-dāḡ, the Ahar river runs from east to west.

• AHARĪ

  İ. Aka

  (8th/14th cent.), author of Tārīḵ-e Šāh Oways, dedicated to the Jalayerid ruler Oways (757-76/1356-74).

• ARASBĀRĀN

  Cross-Reference

  See AHAR.

• ḤĀJI ʿALILU

  Pierre Oberling

  a Turkic tribe of Persian Azerbaijan. Its main branch lives north of Varzaqān and Ahar, in Qarājadāḡ (Arasbārān); another branch dwells in the vicinity of Marāḡa.

• BAḎḎ

  Ḡ. -Ḥ. Yūsofī

  or BAḎḎAYN (perhaps two places), a mountainous region (kūra) in Azerbaijan, site of the castle  headquarters of Bābak Ḵorramī during his revolt against the ʿAbbasid caliphate (816-37).

• AMIR-ṬAHMĀSEBI, ʿAbd-Allāh

  Bāqer ʿĀqeli

  Amir-Ṭahmāsebi disarmed the tribes in Azerbaijan and restored security particularly in areas around Ardebil, Ahar and Mešgin-šahr, where the Šāhsavan tribes had exercised their arbitrary and oppressive rule unchecked for years.

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• ĀXWARR

  W. Eilers

  Middle Persian term for “manger” or “stall” borrowed into Armenian as axoṙ.

• ČALABĪĀNLŪ

  Pierre Oberling

  a Turkicized tribe dwelling, for the most part, in the dehestān of Garmādūz in Aras­bārān region of northern Azerbaijan.

• GAYḴĀTŪ KHAN

  Peter Jackson

  (1291-95) fifth Mongol Il-khan of Persia; his coins also bear the name Īrinjīn Dūrjī (Tibetan Rin-chen rDo-rje, lit. “Jewel Diamond”) bestowed upon him by Buddhist lamas.

• ʿANDALIB, NĀṢER MOḤAMMAD

  A. Schimmel

  Sufi writer (b. in Delhi 1105/1693-94, d. 1172/1759).

• HAFT TEPE

  Ezat O. Negahban

  In the 1950s and 1960s, Haft Tepe became part of a large sugar cane plantation. In the course of leveling the land for planting, some of the archaeological remains were destroyed and others exposed. During the construction of the main road to the plantation, a baked brick wall was uncovered and the discovery reported to the Iranian Archaeological Service.

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• ESKANDAR-NĀMA OF NEẒĀMĪ

  François de Blois

  the poetical version of the life of Alexander by the great 12th century narrative poet Neẓāmī Ganjavī (1141-1209).

• AZERBAIJAN xii. MONUMENTS

  Wolfram Kleiss

  The Iranian provinces of Azerbaijan, both West and East, possess a large number of monuments from all periods of history.

• SABALĀN MOUNTAIN

  Eckart Ehlers

  Kuh-e-Sabalān; 4,740 m), the highest and spatially most extended volcano in northwestern Iran.

• ḴALAJ i. TRIBE

  Pierre Oberling

  tribe originating from Turkistan, generally referred to as Turks but possibly Indo-Iranian.

• QAṢRĀN

  Giti Deyhim and EIr.

  a historical region located north of present-day Tehran.

• KARAJ RIVER

  Bernard Hourade

  the second major permanent river of the central Iranian plateau after the Zāyandarud river.

• Copper ii. Copper resources in Iran

  Manṣur Qorbāni and Anuširavān Kani

  With the advancement of the knowledge of metallurgy in the Achaemenid era, finely crafted copper and bronze objects were created, continuing on through ancient times. The medieval Arab traveler Abu Dolaf wrote about the Nišāpur copper mine, but the extent of the deposits in Iran became known only from accounts of European travelers from the Safavid period onwards.

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• PAPER ii. Paper and Papermaking

  Willem Floor

  In the 16th and 17th centuries, paper production took place in Persia in Isfahan, Yazd, and Kerman, and in the 18th century probably in Rasht. In the 19th century it is known to have taken place in Tehran, Isfahan, Kerman, and Mashad.

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• SHAHRZAD

  Mohammad Tolouei

  (Reżā Kamāl, 1898-1937), dramatist and translator who played a key role in introducing European Romanticism to Iran through his loose adaptations of French drama.

• JĀJRUD

  Bernard Hourcade

  a major river of the southern slopes of the central Alborz in the Central Plateau (140 km. long, basin of 1,890 km²),  running from the mountains of Šami-rānāt at Rudbār-e Qaṣrān to the plain of Varāmin and eventually joins the salt lake of Qom (Daryāča-ye Qom), at about 89 km to the northwest of the city.

• RAWWADIDS

  Andrew Peacock

  a family of Arab descent that controlled parts of Azerbaijan and Armenia from the late 8th through the 11th centuries.

• ELAM vii. Non-Elamite texts in Elam

  SYLVIE LACKENBACHER

  Most non-Elamite texts inscribed on Elamite territories have been found in Susiana, that is, the region nearest to Mesopotamia and most exposed to Mesopotamian political and cultural influences.

• JOVAYNI FAMILY

  Hashem Rajabzadeh

  a family of men of the pen and statesmen of the 13th and 14th centuries in Iran. Men of this family held high positions in the government under the Saljuq, Ḵᵛārazmšāh, and Il-khanid dynasties.

• PARIḴĀN ḴĀNOM

  Manučehr Pārsādust

  (1548-1578), the second daughter of Shah Ṭahmāsp I, a politically influential and colorful figure at the Safavid court.

• SUSA ii. HISTORY DURING THE ELAMITE PERIOD

  François Vallat

  This span of almost two thousand years has been divided into three clearly defined phases called paleo-, meso-, and neo-Elamite, each of which presents peculiarities of its own.

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• JOVAYNI, ṢĀḤEB DIVĀN

  Michal Biran

  ŠAMS-AL-DIN MOḤAMMAD b. Moḥammad (d. 1284), Persian statesman of the early Il-khanid period, the younger brother of the historian  ʿAlāʾ-al-Din ʿAṭā-Malek Jovayni.

• EMĀMZĀDA ii. Forms, decorations, and other characteristics

  PARVĪZ VARJĀVAND

  The identity of the people interred in emāmzādas and the exact location where they are entombed are often moot questions, as in most cases there are no historical documents authenticating the claims for these shrines.

• AZERBAIJAN ii. Archeology

  W. Kleiss

  comprises the two Iranian provinces of West Azerbaijan and East Azerbaijan, with administrative centers at Urmia (before 1979 Reżāʾīya) and Tabrīz respectively; it does not include “Northern Azerbaijan,” centered on Baku, which since 1829 has belonged to the Russian empire.

• MINING IN IRAN i. MINES AND MINERAL RESOURCES

  Mansur Qorbani and Anoshirvan Kani

  The ancient and pre-modern period is evidenced by abandoned mines: (1) of metallic ores: iron, copper, gold, lead, zinc, and silver; (2) of china clay and other materials; (3) of precious and semi-precious stones.

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• ELAM vi. Elamite religion

  F. Vallat

  The information furnished by archeological excavations in Persia and by cuneiform documents permit a summary description of some aspects of Elamite religion from the end of the 3rd millennium B.C.E. until the Achaemenid period.

• BOOKBINDING (article 2)

  Iraj Afshar

  (ṣaḥḥāfi, jeld-sāzi), the traditional craft of binding new books and decorating the cover with embossed or painted designs, or of repairing worn out volumes by restoring their cover.

• FASIH, Esma’il

  Ali Ferdowsi

  Fasih left Iran in 1956, and eventually ended up in Montana State College in Bozeman, Montana. Beginning with his junior year at the college, he transferred to the University of Montana in Missoula where he earned a BS in Chemistry and a BA in English.

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• ZIGGURAT

  Michael Herles

  In Iran, buildings considered ziggurats or high temples can be distinguished from Mesopotamian ziggurats by their means of access.  External flights of steps are always missing from monumental buildings in Iran, yet they are at all times present in Mesopotamia.  In Iran, monumental buildings were accessible by ramps.

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• AZERBAIJAN vii. The Iranian Language of Azerbaijan

  E. Yarshater

  Āḏarī (Ar. al-āḏarīya) was the Iranian language of Azerbaijan before the spread of the Turkish language, commonly called Azeri, in the region.

• CASTLES

  Wolfram Kleiss

  primarily fortified country manors but also permanently inhabited defensive installations, maintained by the authorities along important land routes, and urban citadels, which functioned as administrative centers and places of refuge for inhabitants under siege, particularly in prehistoric and early historic times.

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• H~ CAPTIONS OF ILLUSTRATIONS

  Cross-Reference

  list of all the figure and plate images in the letter H entries.

• ATĀBAKĀN-E ĀḎARBĀYJĀN

  K. A. Luther

  an influential family of military slave origin, also called Ildegozids, ruled parts of Arrān and Azerbaijan from about 530/1135-36 to 622/1225.

• BĀBAK ḴORRAMI

  Ḡ. -Ḥ. Yūsofī

  leader of the Ḵorramdīnī or Ḵorramī uprising in Azerbaijan in the early 9th century (d. 838), which engaged the forces of the caliph for 20 years before it was crushed in 837.

• ELAM i. The history of Elam

  F. Vallat

  During the several millennia of its history the limits of Elam varied, not only from period to period, but also with the point of view of the person describing it. It seems that Mesopotamians in the late 3rd millennium B.C.E. considered Elam to encompass the entire Persian plateau.

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• NEGAHBAN, EZAT O.

  Kamyar Abdi

  eminent Iranian archaeologist. Negahban carried out his first series of excavations in 1961 at the site of Mehrānābād about 25 km south of Tehran on the road to Sāveh.

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• ʿABBĀS MĪRZĀ QAJAR

  H. Busse

  son of Fatḥ-ʿAlī Shah and father of the line of Qajar rulers from Moḥammad Shah on (1789-1833).

• AVESTAN LANGUAGE I-III

  K. Hoffmann

  The Avestan script is based on the Pahlavi script in its cursive form. The earliest Pahlavi manuscripts date from the fourteenth century A.D., but the Pahlavi cursive script must have developed from the Aramaic script already in the first centuries A.D.

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• AZERBAIJAN vi. Population and its Occupations and Culture

  R. Tapper

  tribalism is no longer of great social relevance for most Azerbaijanis, but most have a recent history of tribal allegiances, whether Turkish or Kurdish.

• GOL

  Hušang Aʿlam

  or gul; rose (Rosa L. spp.) and, by extension, flower, bloom, blossom.

• AZERBAIJAN i. Geography

  X. de Planhol

  characterized by volcanic constructions—along the “volcanic cicatrix” that follows the internal ridge of the Zagros and marks its contact with the central Iranian plateau. 

• CYLINDER SEALS

  Edith Porada

  CYLINDER SEALS. The seals of ancient Persia correspond in their types and use to those of Mesopotamia, beginning with amuletic pendants, which could also be used as seals, and developing into elaborately engraved seal stones, with a change in the Uruk period from stamp to cylinder seals.

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• ELAM ii. The archeology of Elam

  Elizabeth Carter

  The archeological use of the term “Elam” is based on a loose unity recognizable in the material cultures of the period 3400-525 BCE at Susa in Ḵūzestān, at Anshan in Fārs, and at sites in adjacent areas of the Zagros mountains. Text-based definitions often lead to interpretations that are at odds with those derived from the study of material culture.

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• JUDEO-PERSIAN COMMUNITIES vi. THE PAHLAVI ERA (1925-1979)

  Orly R. Rahimiyan

  Zionist institutions in London and the Iranian Foreign Ministry engaged in heated arguments over the total ban on emigration to Palestine and on the use of Iranian soil by Russian Jews as a transit station on their way to Palestine.

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• ECONOMY v. FROM THE ARAB CONQUEST TO THE END OF THE IL-KHANIDS (part 2)

  Ann K. S. Lambton

  The political breakdown of the caliphate in the 3rd/9th and 4th/10th centuries, although disastrous for the finances of the state and for agriculture in ʿErāq-e ʿArab and, perhaps, also in Ḵūzestān and parts of western Persia, did not have ill effects immediately on the economic life of Persia as a whole.

• ʿAŠĀYER

  F. Towfīq

  “tribes” in Iran. 1. Definitions. 2. Historical background. 3. Population figures. 4. Territorial distribution: (a) Lor and Lak tribes; (b) Kurdish tribes; (c) Turkish tribes; (d) Arab tribes; (e) Baluch and Brahui tribes. 5. Organization. 6. Economy.

• CALLIGRAPHY

  Ḡolām-Ḥosayn Yūsofī

  (ḵaṭṭāṭī, ḵᵛošnevīsī), the writing system in use in Persia since early Islamic times, which grew out of the Arabic alphabet. Comparison of some of the scripts that developed on Persian ground, particularly Persian-style Kufic, with the Pahlavi and Avestan scripts reveals a number of similarities between them.

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• ARDABĪL

  C. E. Bosworth, X. de Planhol, M. E. Weaver, M. Medley

  town and district in northeastern Azerbaijan.

• JUDICIAL AND LEGAL SYSTEMS v. JUDICIAL SYSTEM IN THE 20TH CENTURY

  Willem Floor

  Twentieth-century Iran experienced dramatic changes to its judicial system during the following periods: (1) Constitutional Period, (2) Pahlavi Period, (3) Post-revolution Period. 

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• JULFA i. SAFAVID PERIOD

  Vazken S. Ghougassian

  The original Julfa is a very old village in the province of Nakhijevan (Naḵjavān), in historical Armenia. In early summer of 1605, the Julfa deportees to Iran were given temporary shelter in Isfahan, and they began with the building of New Julfa on the right bank of the Zāyandarud. For the first decades after its foundation, New Julfa was exclusively populated by Armenians from Old Julfa.

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• BUKHARA vii. Bukharan Jews

  Michael Zand

  “Bukharan Jews” is the common appellation for the Jews of Central Asia whose native language is the Jewish dialect of Tajik.

• Čahār pāra

  music sample

• Čahāršamba-suri

  music sample

• ČAHĀRŠANBA-SŪRĪ

  Manouchehr Kasheff and ʿAlī-Akbar Saʿīdī Sīrjānī

  (usually pronounced Čāršamba-sūrī), the last Wednesday of the Persian solar year, the eve of which is marked by special customs and rituals, most notably jumping over fire.

• ČAHĀR-BAYTI

  Cross-Reference

  See DO-BAYTI.

• KANDAHAR vii. From 1973 to the Present

  Antonio Giustozzi

  Mohammad Daoud Khan took power in July 1973, his ban on party political activities hit Kandahar too.

• ČAHĀR ONṢOR

  Sharif Husain Qasemi

  (Four elements), an autobiographical work in prose by the poet and Sufi Abu’l-Maʿānī Mīrzā ʿAbd-al-Qāder Bīdel.

• KANDAHAR ii. Pre-Islamic Monuments and Remains

  Gérard Fussman

  The ancient city of Kandahar lay along the Qaytul ridge, west of the modern city and was emptied of its population by Nāder Shah in 1738.

• ČAHĀR BĀḠ

  Cross-Reference

  See ČAHĀRBĀḠ.

• BAHĀRESTĀN (2)

  ʿA.-A. Saʿīdī Sīrjānī

  the name of a garden, public square, and complex of buildings in central Tehran.

• Dastgāh-e Čahārgāh

  music sample

• BAHĀRI

  Mortażā Varzi

  (1905-1995), (ʿALI-) AṢḠAR, master of the kamānča (long-necked bowed lute).

• ČAHĀRTĀR

  Jean During

  (lit. four-strings), a musical instrument belonging to the family of long-necked lutes.

• ČAHĀRGĀH

  Bruno Nettl

  the name of one of the twelve dastgāhs (modes) of traditional Persian music in the 14th/20th century.

• ČAHĀRBĀḠ-E GARRŪS

  Moḥammad Dabīrsīāqī

  (ČĀRBĀḠ-E GARRŪS), a park no longer in existence in the south of the town of Bījār, center of Garrūs šahrestān in Persian Kurdistan.

• KANDAHAR iv. From The Mongol Invasion Through the Safavid Era

  Rudi Matthee and Hiroyuki Mashita

  There are various reasons why, despite the manifest weaknesses of the Safavid army, Kandahar surrendered to the Safavids.

• ČAHĀR LANG

  cross-reference

  (ČĀR LANG). See BAḴTĪĀRĪ TRIBE i.

• BAHĀRLŪ

  P. Oberling

  a Turkic tribe of Azerbaijan, Khorasan, Kermān, and Fārs.  

• BAHĀR (2)

  Esmāʿil Jassim

  a newspaper founded by Shaikh Aḥmad Tehrāni (d. 1957), known as Aḥmad Bahār, in 1917, in Mašhad.

• BAHĀR, MOḤAMMAD-TAQĪ

  M. B. Loraine, J. Matīnī

  poet, scholar, journalist, politician, and historian (1886-1951). i. Life and work. ii. Bahār as a poet.

• Reng-e Čahārgāh

  music sample

• ČAHĀRMEŻRĀB

  Jean During

  a genre of traditional rhythmic instrumental music.

• MORḠ-E SAḤAR

  Morteza Hosayni Dehkordi and Parvin Loloi

  (Dawn bird), a taṣnif (song) in māhur mode,  probably written for its music around 1921, when the first signs of dictatorship were appearing.

• ABAR NAHARA

  Cross-Reference

  Aramaic name for the lands to the west of the Euphrates—i.e., Phoenicia, Syria, and Palestine (Parpola, p. 116; Zadok, p. 129; see ASSYRIA ii). These regions apparently passed from Neo-Babylonian to Persian control in 539 B.C.E. when Cyrus the Great conquered Mesopotamia. See EBER-NĀRĪ.

• ČAHĀRBĀḠ-E MAŠHAD

  Ḡolām-Ḥosayn Yūsofī

  name of a royal garden and palace at Mašhad; under the Qajars and up to the present time it has been the name of an old quarter in the city.

• KANDAHAR vi. 20th Century, 1901-73

  M. Jamil Hanifi

  city in southern Afghanistan (lat 31°36′28″ N, long 65°42′19″ E). Kandahar expanded substantially during the second half of the 20th century by attracting rural labor and by developing new residential quarters (šahr-e naw) and public buildings. 

• ČAHĀR MAQĀLA

  Ḡolām-Ḥosayn Yūsofī

  persian prose work written in the 6th/12th century by Abu’l-Ḥasan Neẓām-al-­Dīn (or Najm-al-Dīn) Aḥmad b. ʿOmar b. ʿAlī Neẓāmī ʿArūżī Samarqandī, originally entitled Majmaʿ al-nawāder.

• KANDAHAR i. Historical Geography to 1979

  Xavier de Planhol

  The oasis clearly was destined to give rise to a major city that would control these rich lands with their grain fields, orchards, and gardens and manage the irrigation system they required. This urban center was situated near the top of the alluvial cone, where the Arḡandāb river runs from the mountains.

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• ČAHĀR AYMĀQ

  Cross-Reference

  See AYMĀQ.

• BAHĀRESTĀN (1)

  G. M. Wickens

  (Spring garden, Abode of spring), an anecdotal and moralistic work of belles-lettres in prose (both plain and rhythmic-rhyming) and verse, by ʿAbd-al-Raḥmān Jāmī, composed in the poet’s old age, in 1487.

• Čahārmezrāb-e Homāyun

  music sample

• Hejāz, Bastenegār, Yaquluna, Čāhārpāre

  music sample

• ČAHĀRṬĀQ

  Dietrich Huff, Bernard O’Kane

  literally “four arches,” a modern term for an equilateral architectural unit consisting of four arches or short barrel vaults between four corner piers, with a dome on squinches over the central square. this unit became the most prominent element in traditional Iranian architecture after the ayvān.

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• ČAHĀRDAH MAʿṢŪM

  Hamid Algar

  the fourteen inerrant or immaculate personages venerated by Twelver Shiʿites, i.e., the Prophet Moḥammad, his daughter Fāṭema, and the twelve imams.

• ČAHĀRBĀḠ

  David Stronach

  lit. “four gardens,” a rectangular garden divided by paths or waterways into four symmetrical sections.

• KANDAHAR iii. Early Islamic Period

  Minoru Inaba

  Kandahar and its surroundings have been an important junction connecting Iran and India since ancient times.

• ʿISĀ B. ṢAHĀRBOḴT

  L. Richter-Bernburg

  medical author of the third/ninth century, from Gondēšāpur. descendant of an apparently Nestorian Christian Syro-Persian family.

• ČAHĀR DOWLĪ

  Pierre Oberling

  (Davālī), or ČĀR DOWLĪ, a tribe of western Iran.

• BAHĀRESTĀN-E ḠAYBĪ

  I. H. Siddiqui

  a detailed history in Persian of Bengal and Orissa for the period 1608-24 composed by Mīrzā Nathan ʿAlāʾ-al-Dīn Eṣfahānī.

• BAHĀR (1)

  Ḡ.-Ḥ. Yūsofī

  a Persian literary, scientific, political, and social-affairs monthly, 1910-11, 1921-22. Bahār represented a departure from traditional Persian journalism; readers found its willingness to discuss contemporary literature and literary criticism a refreshing change.

• Chahārgāh

  music sample

• ČĀH-BAHĀR

  Eckart Ehlers

  Name of a town and bay on the Makrān coast of Persian Baluchistan facing the coast of Oman.

• Qamar al-Moluk - Magar nasim-e sahar

  music sample

• ČAHĀRJŪY

  Cross-reference

  See ĀMOL.