Table of Contents

• EḤTEŠĀM-AL-SALṬANA

  Mehrdad Amanat

  (1863-1936), Mīrzā Maḥmūd Khan ʿAlāmīr Qajar, governor, diplomat, and speaker of the Persian Parliament.

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• EḤTĪĀJ

  Nassereddin Parvin

  weekly newspaper published in Tabrīz by ʿAlīqolī Khan Tabrīzī, known as Ṣafarov, who had distributed political šab-nāmas (lit. "night letters") in 1892.

• EḤYĀ-YEʿOLŪM-AL-DĪN

  Cross-Reference

  See ḠAZĀLĪ ii.

• EILERS, WILHELM

  Rüdiger Schmitt

  In 1958 Eilers was appointed to the professorship in Oriental philology at the University of Würzburg. Although he was offered in 1962 the professorship in ancient Near Eastern studies at the University of Vienna, he stayed in Würzburg and taught there until his retirement in 1974.

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• EJĀZA

  Devin J. Stewart

  "lit. permission, license, authorization"; a term describing a variety of academic certificates ranging in length from a few lines to many fascicles.

• EJMĀʿ

  Devin J. Stewart

  lit. "consensus"; a technical term in Islamic jurisprudence (oṣūl al-feqh).

• EJMIATSIN

  S. Peter Cowe

  currently designation of three separate but interrelated entities: the cathedral and monastic complex which forms the residence of the supreme patriarch and catholicos of all the Armenians, the city in which this complex is located, and the district of which the latter is the administrative center.

• EJTEHĀD

  Aron Zysow

  in Shiʿism, an Arabic verbal noun having the literal sense of "exerting effort."

• EJTEMĀʿĪŪN, FERQA-YE

  Janet Afary

  (FEAM; lit., "Social-Democratic party"), an organization founded in 1905 by Persian emigrants in Transcaucasia with the help of local revolutionaries.

• EKBĀTĀN

  Cross-Reference

  See ECBATANA.