Search Results for “art in iran”

• ART IN IRAN

  Multiple Authors

  The history of art in Iran and Iranian lands.

• ART IN IRAN x.1 Art and Architecture of the Qajar Period

  J. M. Scarce

  Qajar art is characterized by an exuberant style and flamboyant use of color, which became more emphatic as the 19th century progressed; here Persian art may be compared with developments in 19th-century Europe.

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• ART IN IRAN v. SASANIAN ART

  P. O. Harper

  There are major remains of many different types: monumental rock reliefs, silver vessels, stucco architectural decoration, and seals.

• ART IN IRAN xi. POST-QAJAR

  K. Emāmī

  About the mid-1950s, Iranian modernists started to receive official encouragement via the Department General of Fine Arts (later to become the Ministry of Arts and Culture).

• ART IN IRAN vii. ISLAMIC PRE-SAFAVID

  P. Soucek

  Of especial importance for the development of art in Islamic Iran was the cultural and artistic legacy of the immediate past.

• ART IN IRAN ii. Median Art and Architecture

  P. Calmeyer

  We know that Medes were mentioned in neo Assyrian annals from the year 836 B.C. onwards; as late as in King Esarhaddon’s vassal treaties (672 B.C.) they are represented by petty princes: central kingship had not yet been established, the foundation of which was later ascribed to the legendary judge, Deïokes.

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• ART IN IRAN ix. SAFAVID To Qajar Periods

  A. Welch

  The arts of the Safavid period show a far more unitary development than in any other period of Iranian art. 

• ART IN IRAN iv. PARTHIAN Art

  S. B. Downey

  monuments generally included in discussions of Parthian art come from the periphery of the Parthian world—Syria, Mesopotamia, the edges of the Iranian plateau.

• ART IN IRAN x.2 Qajar Painting

  B. W. Robinson

  The unsettled political situation following the death of Karīm Khan left little opportunity for schools of painting to flourish and develop. But even before their rise to supreme power the Qajars had captured the services of at least one painter who set a high standard for the first generation of their rule.

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• ART IN IRAN xii. IRANIAN PRE-ISLAMIC ELEMENTS IN ISLAMIC ART

  Maria Vittoria Fontana

  Iranian pre-Islamic elements contributed to the formation and development of Islamic art, and they can be easily recognized in various contexts.

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• ART IN IRAN vi. PRE-ISLAMIC EASTERN IRAN AND CENTRAL ASIA

  G. Azarpay

  Monumental works of art of the pre-Islamic age are there evidenced only from the early medieval period that corresponds with the Parthian and Sasanian dynasties in Iran.

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• ART IN IRAN i. NEOLITHIC TO MEDIAN

  E. Porada

  An important element of the art of Iran is the presence of composite beings. One type, here called demon, is a combination of man and animal walking on two legs. An example is the demon with the head of a mountain goat or a moufflon.

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• ART IN IRAN viii. ISLAMIC CENTRAL ASIA

  G. A. Pugachenkova

  Under Islam the sculpture and mural painting previously displayed in Central Asia almost completely disappeared, and ornament took pride of place.

• ART IN IRAN iii. Achaemenid Art and Architecture

  P. Calmeyer

  No work of architecture or art can be attributed with certainty to an Achaemenid earlier than Cyrus the Great. Only a cylinder seal, now lost, but several times used on later bullae at Persepolis, can possibly have belonged to an older member of the family.

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• CARPETS v. Flat-woven carpets: Techniques and structures

  Sarah B. Sherrill

  Most of the structures in Persian flat-woven carpets belong to the category called “interlacing” by textile specialists; the term designates the most straightforward way in which each thread of a fabric passes under or over threads that cross its path.

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• ACHAEMENID GLAZED BRICK DECORATION

  Oscar White Muscarella

  architectural elements at Achaemenid capital cities that reflected the king's power and authority through depictions of historical, religious, political, military, and social realities and protocols.

• GOLĀB

  Hušang Aʿlam

  rose water, a distillate (ʿaraq) obtained chiefly from the gol-e moḥammadi, the best-known product made from rose petals in Persia, widely used in sherbets, sweetmeats, as a home medicament, and on some religious occasions.

• ABYĀNAʾĪ

  E. Yarshater

  Dialect spoken in the village of Abyāna, one of a number of closely similar dialects spoken in the villages of Kāšān and its neighboring districts, all belonging to the Central Dialects of Iran (or Southern Median).

• BEAR

  Paul Joslin

  (Pers. ḵers, Av. arša-). Two varieties of bears are found on the Iranian plateau: the Eurasian brown bear and the Baluchistan black bear. The Eurasian brown bear is the most common of all bears. 

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• ESTEQLĀL-e ĪRĀN

  Nassereddin Parvin

  an evening daily published in Tehran from 31 May 1910-17 August 1911; it was the organ of the small Unity and Progress party (Ḥezb-e ettefāq o taraqqī) and was published by the party’s leader, the well-known constitutionalist Zayn-al-ʿĀbedīn Mostaʿān-al-Molk

• KUHPĀYA i. The District

  Habib Borjian

  Kuhpāya is a large piedmont boluk (3,000 km²) separated from Ardestān on the north and Nāʾin on the east respectively by the Fešārk and Kuhestān chains, extensions of the Karkas range.

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• NAJM-AL-SALṬANA

  Mansoureh Ettehadieh

  a Qajar princess whose life spanned the late Qajar and early Pahlavi eras (b. 1231-32 Š./1853; d. 1311 Š./1932).

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• IRAN vii. NON-IRANIAN LANGUAGES (8) Semitic Languages

  Gernot Windfuhr

   First Aramaic and then Arabic had considerable contact with Iranian languages. Their impact differs.

• ASFAND

  H. Gaube

  a medieval district (kūra) of the quarter (robʿ) of Nīšāpūr of Khorasan province.

• DĀD (3)

  Nassereddin Parvin

  (lit., “justice”), a Tehran afternoon newspaper, 1942-61.

• NASIM-e ŠEMĀL

  Nassereddin Parvin

  (in popular parlance, Nasim-e šomāl; Breeze of the North), one of the best-known and most popular periodicals in the history of Iranian journalism.

• RUḤAWŻI

  William O. Beeman

  a comic type of traditional folk musical drama in Iran.

• GORGĀN vi. History From The Rise Of Islam To The Beginning Of The Safavid Period

  C. Edmund Bosworth

  formed in Sasanian and pre-modern Islamic times a transitional zone, a corridor, between the subtropical habitat and climate of Māzandarān to its west, and the arid steppes of Dehestān and beyond them, the Qara Qum Desert to its northwest.

• AFḠĀNĪ, JAMĀL-AL-DĪN

  N. R. Keddie

  (1838 or 39-97), ideologist and political activist of the late 19th century Muslim world, whose influence has continued strong in many Muslim countries. Iran, Egypt, and Afghanistan are the countries of his greatest influence; his combination of reformed Islam and anti-imperialism continues to have widespread appeal.

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• BELQĪS

  Ḡolām-Ḥosayn Yūsofī

  the queen of Sheba (Sabā), whose meetings with Solomon (Solaymān) are a favorite theme in Persian and Arabic literature.

• FAḴRĀʾĪ, EBRĀHĪM REŻĀZĀDA

  Moḥammad-Taqī Pūr Aḥmad Jaktājī

  (b. Rašt, 1899; d. Tehran, 1988), educator, journalist, lawyer, and scholar.

• KERMAN

  Multiple Authors

  province of Iran located between Fars and Sistan va Balučestān; also the name of its principal city and capital.

• SEVRUGUIN, ANTOIN

  Aphrodite Désirée Navab

  (1830-1933), Armenian–Iranian photographer who lived most of his life in Persia. He studied painting and photography in Tbilisi. Sevruguin decided to create a survey of the people, landscape, and architecture of Persia. He had a reputation as a portrait photographer and thus Nāṣer-al-Din Shah appointed him as an official court photographer.

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• IRĀNŠĀH

  Mary Boyce and Firoze Kotwal

  term now used by the Parsis as the name of their oldest sacred fire, the Ātaš Bahrām established originally at Sanjān and now installed at Udwada, both in Gujarat.

• ASSYRIANS IN IRAN

  R. Macuch, A. Ishaya

  The development of the modern concept of “Assyrians” among the East Syrian Christian communities began with Botta’s excavation of the palace of Sargon II in Khorsabad (1843), followed by Layard’s discovery of Nineveh. This research opened the eyes, not only of the West, but also of the ethnically nameless Aramean population in these regions which had been satisfied to identify itself by religions denominations.

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• DANCE

  A. Shapur Shahbazi, Robyn C. Friend

  (raqṣ). Single dancers or groups of dancers represented on pottery from prehistoric Iranian sites (e.g., Tepe Siyalk, Tepe Mūsīān) attest the antiquity of this art in Iran. According to Duris of Samos (apud Athenaeus, Deipnosophistae), the Achaemenid Persians learned to dance, just as they learned to ride horseback.

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• PAIRIKĀ

  Siamak Adhami

  a class of female demonic beings in the Avesta, often translated “sorceress, witch, or enchantress.”

• AMIR-ṬAHMĀSEBI, ʿAbd-Allāh

  Bāqer ʿĀqeli

  Amir-Ṭahmāsebi disarmed the tribes in Azerbaijan and restored security particularly in areas around Ardebil, Ahar and Mešgin-šahr, where the Šāhsavan tribes had exercised their arbitrary and oppressive rule unchecked for years.

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• Great Britain xiv. The British Institute of Persian Studies

  D. Stronach

  was founded in the spring of 1961, thanks to the vision and commitment of a small group of scholars in Britain, each of whom had a special interest in the arts and letters of Persia.

• AHL-E ḤAQQ

  H. Halm

  “People of (the absolute) Truth,” a sect found in western Persia and some regions of northeastern Iraq; the name has also been adopted by other Islamic sects (Noṣayrīs, Ḥorūfīs) and appears to be rooted in the tradition of the extremist Shiʿites (ḡolāt).

• BĪDAR

  S. H. Qasemi

  city in the state of Karnataka, India, about 80 miles northwest of Hyderabad, and also the surrounding district. In the 15th-16th centuries, under the Bahmanid dynasty, Bīdar was an important center of Persian cultural influence in the Deccan.

• FARMĀNFARMĀ, FĪRŪZ MĪRZĀ NOṢRAT-AL-DAWLA

  Shireen Mahdavi

  (1817-1886), sixteenth son of ʿAbbās Mīrzā and grandson of Fatḥ-ʿAlī Shah. His political and military career flourished in the reigns of his brother Moḥammad Shah (834-48) and his nephew Nāṣer-al-Dīn Shah (1848-96).

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• ʿABBĀS II

  Rudi Matthee

  Safavid king of Iran (1052-77/1642-66).  The expedition to Kandahar, which had been lost to the Mughals under Shah Ṣafi I, counts as Shah ʿAbbās II’s main military venture.

• KASHTARITI

  M. Dandamayev

  (kaš-ta-ri-ti, Old Iranian Khshathrita), a city lord of Karkashshi in the Central Zagros mountains. during the reign of the Assyrian king Esarhaddon (680–669 BCE).

• Isfahan ix. THE PAHLAVI PERIOD AND THE POST-REVOLUTION ERA

  Habib Borjian

  In the process of consolidating his power in Isfahan, Reza Shah managed to constrain two powerful social groups: the Shiʿite clergy and the Baḵtiāri tribesmen.

• ĀṮĀR AL-BĀQĪA

  D. Pingree

   (The Chronology of Ancient Nations), a historical work by Bīrūnī, composed at the age of 27, in 1000 CE.

• DARIC

  Michael Alram

  Achaemenid gold coin which was introduced by Darius I toward the end of the 6th century.

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• ḴALIL SOLṬĀN b. MIRĀNŠĀH b. TIMUR

  Beatrice Forbes Manz

  Timurid ruler (1405-09). He became active in the military on the Indian campaign in 1398-99 and played a prominent part in the seven-year campaign of 1399-1404.

• KARĀʾI

  P. Oberling

  a Turkic-speaking tribe of Azerbaijan, Khorasan, Kermān and Fārs.

• GYPSY ii. Gypsy Dialects

  Gernot L. Windfuhr

  The languages and dialects popularly called “Gypsy” (< Egipcien < qebṭi “Coptic, Egyptian”) constitute three major groups: Asiatic or Middle Eastern Domari, Armenian Lomavren, and European Romani.