Search Results for “art in iran”

• ART IN IRAN

  Multiple Authors

  The history of art in Iran and Iranian lands.

• ART IN IRAN ix. SAFAVID To Qajar Periods

  A. Welch

  The arts of the Safavid period show a far more unitary development than in any other period of Iranian art. 

• ART IN IRAN iv. PARTHIAN Art

  S. B. Downey

  monuments generally included in discussions of Parthian art come from the periphery of the Parthian world—Syria, Mesopotamia, the edges of the Iranian plateau.

• ART IN IRAN x.2 Qajar Painting

  B. W. Robinson

  The unsettled political situation following the death of Karīm Khan left little opportunity for schools of painting to flourish and develop. But even before their rise to supreme power the Qajars had captured the services of at least one painter who set a high standard for the first generation of their rule.

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• ART IN IRAN xii. IRANIAN PRE-ISLAMIC ELEMENTS IN ISLAMIC ART

  Maria Vittoria Fontana

  Iranian pre-Islamic elements contributed to the formation and development of Islamic art, and they can be easily recognized in various contexts.

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• ART IN IRAN vi. PRE-ISLAMIC EASTERN IRAN AND CENTRAL ASIA

  G. Azarpay

  Monumental works of art of the pre-Islamic age are there evidenced only from the early medieval period that corresponds with the Parthian and Sasanian dynasties in Iran.

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• ART IN IRAN i. NEOLITHIC TO MEDIAN

  E. Porada

  An important element of the art of Iran is the presence of composite beings. One type, here called demon, is a combination of man and animal walking on two legs. An example is the demon with the head of a mountain goat or a moufflon.

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• ART IN IRAN viii. ISLAMIC CENTRAL ASIA

  G. A. Pugachenkova

  Under Islam the sculpture and mural painting previously displayed in Central Asia almost completely disappeared, and ornament took pride of place.

• ART IN IRAN iii. Achaemenid Art and Architecture

  P. Calmeyer

  No work of architecture or art can be attributed with certainty to an Achaemenid earlier than Cyrus the Great. Only a cylinder seal, now lost, but several times used on later bullae at Persepolis, can possibly have belonged to an older member of the family.

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• ART IN IRAN x.1 Art and Architecture of the Qajar Period

  J. M. Scarce

  Qajar art is characterized by an exuberant style and flamboyant use of color, which became more emphatic as the 19th century progressed; here Persian art may be compared with developments in 19th-century Europe.

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• ART IN IRAN v. SASANIAN ART

  P. O. Harper

  There are major remains of many different types: monumental rock reliefs, silver vessels, stucco architectural decoration, and seals.

• ART IN IRAN xi. POST-QAJAR

  K. Emāmī

  About the mid-1950s, Iranian modernists started to receive official encouragement via the Department General of Fine Arts (later to become the Ministry of Arts and Culture).

• ART IN IRAN vii. ISLAMIC PRE-SAFAVID

  P. Soucek

  Of especial importance for the development of art in Islamic Iran was the cultural and artistic legacy of the immediate past.

• ART IN IRAN ii. Median Art and Architecture

  P. Calmeyer

  We know that Medes were mentioned in neo Assyrian annals from the year 836 B.C. onwards; as late as in King Esarhaddon’s vassal treaties (672 B.C.) they are represented by petty princes: central kingship had not yet been established, the foundation of which was later ascribed to the legendary judge, Deïokes.

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• KHARG ISLAND ii. History and archeology

  D.T. Potts

  island in the Persian Gulf, situated at about 30 km northwest of Bandar-e Rig and 52 km northwest of Bušehr.

• Isfahan xii. BAZAAR: PLAN AND FUNCTION

  Willem Floor

  It is one of the best-preserved examples of a large, enclosed, and covered bazaar complex that was typical of most cities in the Muslim world prior to the 20th century. The oldest areas of the present-day bazaar date from the early 17th century; its first stone was laid in 1603.

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• ĀTAŠKADA

  M. Boyce

   “house of fire,” a Zoroastrian term for a consecrated building in which there is an ever-burning sacred fire.

• DARJAZĪN

  Parviz Aḏkāʾī

  (or Dargazīn), name of two rural subdistricts (dehestāns) and a village in the Razan district (baḵš) of Hamadān province.

• KANDAHAR iii. Early Islamic Period

  Minoru Inaba

  Kandahar and its surroundings have been an important junction connecting Iran and India since ancient times.

• LENTZ, OTTO HELMUT WOLFGANG

  Gerd Gropp

  Lentz wrote no voluminous book, but many essays in periodicals, including pioneer works on Turfan texts, Iranian dialects, local eastern systems of time reckoning, and loanwords in Mid. Iranian. His doctoral dissertation on North Iranian elements in the Šāh-nāma (1926) won him immediate recognition.

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• ḤABLARUD

  M. H. Ganji

  river in Damāvand and Garmsār districts of Semnān province in northern Persia.

• AḴAWAYNĪ BOḴĀRĪ

  H. H. Biesterfeldt

  4th/10th century physician who worked in Bukhara.

• BOḴĀRĀ-YE ŠARĪF

  Michael Zand

  “Boḵārā the noble,” the first Central Asian newspaper published in Persian, 1912 to 1913.

• FADĀʾIĀN-E ḴALQ

  Peyman Vahabzadeh

  a Marxist-Leninist urban guerrilla group arising from the student movement and the urban middle-class intellectuals and influenced by the Latin American revolutionary discourse, its objective was to instigate, and eventually lead, a popular movement against the Iranian monarchy.

• QĀDESIYA, BATTLE OF

  D. Gershon Lewental

  an engagement during the mid-630s CE in which Arab Muslim warriors overcame a larger Sasanian army and paved the way for their subsequent conquest of Iran. The battle took place at a small settlement on the frontier of Sasanian Iraq.

• TEPE YAHYA

  D. T. Potts

  (Tappe Yaḥyā), archeological site in the Soḡun valley, Kerman province, ca. 220 km south of Kerman and 130 km north of the Straits of Hormuz.

• ISMAʿILISM xvii. THE IMAMATE IN ISMAʿILISM

  Azim Nanji

  in common with all major Shiʿite groups, the Ismaʿilis believe that the Imamate is a divinely sanctioned and guided institution.

• AYĀDĪ-E AMR ALLĀH

  D. M. MacEoin

  “Hands of the Cause of God”, term used in Bahaʾism to designate the highest rank of the appointed religious hierarchy.

• DATIS

  Rüdiger Schmitt

  Iranian personal name.

• RASTḴIZ

  Nassereddin Parvin

  (Resurrection) newspaper published 1915-16 in Baghdad a group of Iranian expatriates in Europe, headed by Sayyed Ḥasan Taqizāda.

• RYE

  Hušang Aʿlam

  (čāvdār), Secale cereale L. (fam. Gramineae). The Persian name is probably of Turkish origin.

• ḤAIM, MOREH ḤAḴĀM

  Amnon Netzer

  eminent Jewish scholar (b. Tehran, 1872; d. Tehran, 1942).

• ʿALĀʾ-AL-DAWLA ʿALĪ

  C. E. Bosworth

  (511-34/1117-40), ruler of the Espahbadīya line of the local dynasty of the Bavandids in the Caspian region of Māzandarān.

• BOT

  William L. Hanaway, Jr.

  a term frequent in poetry with meanings ranging from an idol in the literal sense to a metaphor for ideal human beauty. These senses have been used since the earliest surviving Persian poetry.

• FIREARMS i. HISTORY

  Rudi Matthee

  in Persia. This article surveys the history and production of various firearms and artillery in Persia from their introduction to the 19th century.

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• QAYDĀFA

  Julia Rubanovich

  a female character in various Islamic versions of the Alexander Romance.

• PERSIAN MANUSCRIPTS i. IN OTTOMAN AND MODERN TURKISH LIBRARIES

  Osman G. Özgüdenli

  These are from four sources: (1) those written, translated, and copied in Anatolia; (2) those brought into Anatolia by immigrant scholars; (3) those brought by traders; 4) those brought as war booty.

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• JAGARḴWIN

  Keith Hitchins

  (or Cegerxwin), pseudonym of Şêxmûs Hesen (1903-1984), considered by many the leading Kurdish poet of the 20th century writing in Kurmanji.

• ĀẔARBĀYJĀN JOURNAL

  N. Parvīn

  (ĀḎARBĀY[E]JĀN), the title of a satirical-political journal published at Tabrīz in 1907.

• DELDĀR-ʿALĪ

  Juan R. I. Cole

  b. Moḥammad-Moʿīn NAṢĪRĀBĀDĪ, Sayyed Ḡofrān-maʾāb (b. Naṣīrābād near Lucknow, 1753, d. Lucknow ca. 1820), Shiʿite cleric of northern India who helped to establish the Shiʿite form of Friday prayers and propagated the rationalist Oṣūlī school of jurisprudence in the Avadh region.

• OḴOWWAT

  Nassereddin Parvin

  (Brotherhood), the name of four newspapers and one magazine published in Tabriz, Rašt, Shiraz, Kermānšāh, and Baghdad in the early 1900s.

• SCHEIL, Jean-Vincent

  Nader Nasiri-Moghaddam

  (1858-1940), Father, French philologist and archeologist.

• HĀMUN, DARYĀČA-YE i. GEOGRAPHY

  Eckart Ehlers

  The Sistān basin is the easternmost endorheic basin in Persia, draining a watershed 350,000 km2.

• ʿALĪ AKBAR ŠAHMĪRZĀDĪ

  M. Momen

  known as Ḥāǰǰ Āḵund, a prominent Iranian Bahāʾī (b. 1842).

• BUN-XĀNAG

  Prods Oktor Skjærvø

  term in the inscriptions of Kirdīr at Naqš-e Rostam (KKZ and KNRm), variously interpreted.

• ARCHEOLOGY iii. SELEUCID AND PARTHIAN

  K. Schippmann

  Very few monuments from the Seleucid period have been discovered in Iran, and probably none from the time of Alexander the Great.

• SYRIAC LANGUAGE

  Multiple Authors

  the slightly archaizing Eastern Aramaic dialect of the city of Edessa that is the most important Aramaic dialect used by Christians. Syriac served as an important contributor to the mainstream of medieval Islamic and Western European civilization.

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• PERSONAL NAMES, IRANIAN iv. PARTHIAN PERIOD

  Rüdiger Schmitt

  For the Parthian period there is no super-abundance of primary sources written in the official (Middle) Parthian administrative language.

• JĀMĀSPA

  W. W. Malandra

  an official at the court of Vīštāspa and an early convert of Zarathushtra, who, in the tradition became widely known for his wisdom.

• BABISM

  D. M. MacEoin

  a 19th-century messianic movement in Iran and Iraq under the overall charismatic leadership of Sayyed ʿAlī-Moḥammad Šīrāzī, the Bāb (1819-1850). Babism was the only significant millenarian movement in Shiʿite Islam during the 19th century.

• DEŽ-E GONBADĀN

  Aḥmad Tafażżolī

  lit. "fortress of Gonbadān"; a fortress where the Iranian hero Esfandīār, son of the Kayānian king Goštāsb, was imprisoned.

• KĀŠEFI, KAMĀL-AL-DIN ḤOSAYN WĀʿEẒ

  M. E . Subtelny

  prolific prose-stylist of the Timurid era, religious scholar, Sufi figure, and influential preacher (b. Sabzavār, ca. 1436-37; d. Herat, 1504-5).

• PROSODY iii. MIDDLE PERSIAN

  Gilbert Lazard

  There are remnants left of pre-Islamic poetry within western Middle Iranian languages: fragments of Manichean religious hymns, some poems preserved in the literature of Pahlavi, and poetical pieces in New Persian not following the rules of classical versification.

• ḤASIBI, KĀẒEM

  Bagher Agheli and EIr

  (1906-1990), political figure and university professor. When the oil industry was nationalized in 1951, Ḥasibi, as Deputy Minister of Finance, became a member of the delegation charged with the eviction of the former oil company. He accompanied Dr. Moṣaddeq to the U.N. Security Council.

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• ALVAND KŪH

  E. Ehlers

  mountain range near Hamadān, an isolated massif at a point of junction between the Zagros folds and the central Iranian plateau. 

• ČAHĀRGĀH

  Bruno Nettl

  the name of one of the twelve dastgāhs (modes) of traditional Persian music in the 14th/20th century.

• AZERBAIJAN i. Geography

  X. de Planhol

  characterized by volcanic constructions—along the “volcanic cicatrix” that follows the internal ridge of the Zagros and marks its contact with the central Iranian plateau. 

• Tajnis

  music sample

• MAʿRUFI, Jawād

  Morteżā Ḥoseyni Dehkordi and EIr

  Persian composer and pianist (1915-1993).

• JAWĀHER AL-ʿAJĀYEB

  Maria Szuppe

  a short, rare kind of taḏkera in Persian, containing biographies of female poets and specimens of their verses (mostly in Persian, some in Chaghatay Turkish).

• BAGA

  H. W. Bailey, N. Sims-Williams, St. Zimmer

  an Old Iranian term for “god,” sometimes designating a specific god. i. General. ii. In Old and Middle Iranian. iii. The use of baga in names.

• DOLICHĒ

  Erich Kettenhofen

  city in the Roman province of Syria conquered together with the surrounding area by Šāpūr I  during his second campaign against Rome in 252 or 253.

• DĀŠ ĀKOL

  SOHILA SAREMI

  a story in the first collection of short stories by Sadeq Hedayat.

• MOḴTĀR-NĀMA

  Daniela Meneghini

  a wide-ranging collection of quatrains (2,088 in number) attributed to the mystic poet Farid-al-Din ʿAṭṭār (d. ca. 1221).

• ḤEFẒ AL-ṢEḤḤA

  Nasseredin Parvin

  the first Iranian medical journal, published as a  monthly during 1906.

• AMĪR LAŠKAR

  J. Calmard

  (AMĪR-E LAŠKAR) military rank equivalent to general granted during Reżā Khan’s rise to power.

• CANDLESTICKS

  Linda Komaroff

  from the late 6th/12th through the early 10th/16th century one of the most common types of implement produced as a luxury metalware in Iran. Their form, decoration, and epigraphic program reflect contemporary trends in Iranian metalwork.

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• BIBLE v. Sogdian Translations

  Nicholas Sims-Williams

  The following manuscripts containing biblical texts in Sogdian have been made known. None of them survives in anything like complete form, and some are mere fragments.

• KHARG ISLAND i. Geography

  Habib Borjian

  situated in Persian Gulf at about 30 miles northwest of the port of Bušehr and 20 miles west of the port of Ganāva, stretches about 5 miles longitudinally and half of that at its widest point.

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• FOLK POETRY

  Philip G. Kreyenbroek

  in Iranian languages. The term ‘folk poetry’ can be properly used for texts which have some characteristics marking them as poetry and belong to the tradition of the common people, as against the dominant ‘polite’ literary cult

• JOURNALISM iii. Post-Revolution Era

  Hossein Shahidi

  At the time of the 1978-79 Revolution, there were about 100 newspapers in Iran, of which twenty-three were dailies. Within two years of the revolution, 700 new titles had appeared.

• BAHMANŠĪR

  X. de Planhol

  the name of the distributary which branches off the left bank of the Kārūn river in the Ḵūzestān plain a short distance above Ḵorramšahr, and of a dehestān near this town.

• DUCK

  Hūšang Aʿlam

  technically any species of the family Anatidae but in Persian popular usage including similar waterfowl from other families, particularly some geese and grebes.

• MOḠĀN

  Richard Tapper

  (or Dašt-e Moḡān, also Muqān), a lowland steppe in Azerbaijan.

• KIMIĀ

  Pierre Lory

  “Alchemy.” Externally, the purpose of alchemy was the conversion of base metals like lead into silver or gold by means of long and complicated operations leading to the production of a mysterious substance, the ‘philosopher’s stone,’ able to operate the transmutation. 

• HERMITAGE MUSEUM ii. COLLECTION OF THE ISLAMIC PERIOD

  Anatol Ivanov

  Persian art from the advent of Islam until the beginning of the 20th century is well represented in the State Hermitage Museum. However, not all periods in this 1400-year time-span are represented equally well, because of the way the collection developed.

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• ANDARZGAR

  J. P. Asmussen

  Mid. Pers. term, “counselor, teacher.”

• CASES

  Gernot L. Windfuhr

  term "case" used on at least three linguistic levels: 1. semantic role of a noun (phrase), such as agent, patient, experiencer, and possessor; 2. syntactic function, such as subject, direct object, and indirect object; 3. morphological means, such as nominative, accusative, dative, and genitive.

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• CERAMICS vii. The Bronze Age in Northwestern, Western, and Southwestern Persia

  Robert C. Henrickson

  During the 3rd millennium BCE there were two major ceramic traditions in northwestern Persia, shifting ceramic traditions in central western Persia, and polychrome ware  in northern Susiana.

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• EAST SYRIAN MONASTERIES IN SASANIAN IRAN

  Florence Jullien

  Traces of monastic foundations in Sasanian Iran can be found in the sources as early as the 4th century CE. In the present review of the main East Syrian monasteries, emphasis is on the reformed monastic settlements of the 6th-7th centuries.

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• FRANCE xii(b). IRANIAN STUDIES IN FRANCE: PRE-ISLAMIC PERIOD

  Philippe Gignoux

  The French contribution to pre-Islamic Iranian studies, both in philological studies and archeology, has been considerable.

• JULFA ii. THE 18TH AND THE 19TH CENTURY

  Vazken S. Ghougassian

  The Afghan occupation of Isfahan between 1722 and 1729 struck a most devastating blow to the Armenians of New Julfa, although the city was spared total destruction and massive killings of its population.Nāder Shah Afšār (d. 1747) was even more brutal. Karim Khan Zand (d. 1779) treated the Armenian community fairly well and tried to encourage the return of expatriate Julfan merchants.

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• SACRIFICE i. IN ZOROASTRIANISM

  William W. Malandra

  At least since the publication of the seminal essay by Henri Hubert and Marcel Mauss much of the discussion has been devoted to a search for what essentially defines sacrifice.

• EBN ZĪĀD, ʿOBAYD-ALLĀH

  Jean Calmard

  (b. ca. 648), Omayyad governor responsible for the death of the Imam Ḥosayn b. ʿAlī.

• KASMĀʾI, MIRZĀ ḤOSAYN

  Pezhmann Dailami

  (1862-1921), a constitutionalist active in the revolutionary movement in Gilan (1915-20), led by Mirzā Kuček Khan Jangali.

• SYKES, Percy Molesworth

  Denis Wright

  (1867-1945), Sir, soldier, diplomat, traveler, and writer who wrote extensively on Iran. 

• ḤOJJATIYA

  Mahmoud Sadri

  a Shiʿite religious lay association founded in 1953 by the charismatic cleric Shaikh Maḥmud Ḥalabi to defend Islam against the Bahai missionary activities.

• ANṢĀRĪ, SHAIKH MORTAŻĀ

  S. Murata

  B. MOḤAMMAD AMĪN (1799-1864), 1799-1864), important author of works on feqh.

• CENSUS

  Firuz Tawfiq, Daniel Balland

  (Pers. sar-šomārī). No census for the purpose of ascertaining the population and acquiring statistical data was taken in Persia until the present century.

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• CITIES i. Geographical Introduction

  Xavier De Planhol

  There is a long history of settlement on Persian territory, where urban life was firmly established in antiquity, and cities continued to proliferate, though, owing to fluctuations in the population, they were highly unstable.

• FARROḴI

  Habib Borjian

  a township on the southern edge of the Great Desert, in Ḵur-Biābānak Sub-province, Isfahan Province.

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• ḠAFFĀRĪ, NEẒĀM-AL-DĪN

  Kambiz Eslami

  (1844-1915), Qajar minister and engineer. In his later years, Ḡaffārī held several important positions, including the minister of mines, the minister of public services, and minister of education.

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• ĀBĀDA

  C. E. Bosworth

  Name of (1) a small town in northern Fārs province, and (2) a medieval town near the northern shore of Lake Baḵtegān in Fārs.

• BAND-E BAHMAN

  K. Afsar

  an ancient dam built on the Qara Āḡāj river nearly sixty km south of Shiraz, attributed to the legendary king Bahman son of Esfandīār.

• EDUCATION xi. PRIVATE SCHOOLS AND EDUCATIONAL GROUPS

  Aḥmad Bīrašk

  After the Constitutional Revolution some of these schools were closed, and the others were brought under state management. During the next fifteen years several more private schools were founded.

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• KASHMIR i. INTRODUCTION

  Siegfried Weber

  Iranian influence in and beyond the region of Kashmir is a long-term phenomenon. Inscriptions in Sogdian, Parthian, and Middle Persian demonstrate pre-Islamic contacts there with Iranian-speakers.

• ZABĀN-E ZANĀN

  Nassereddin Parvin

  a newspaper and a magazine published in Isfahan and Tehran, respectively, by Ṣeddiqa Dawlatābādi (1883-1961), a pioneer advocate of women’s rights in Iran (18 July, 1919 to 1 January, 1921, a total of 57 issues).

• ḤOSAYN KHAN KAMĀNČAKAŠ

  Ameneh Youssefzadeh

  a famous musician and a master of the kamānča, the chief traditional Persian string instrument played with a bow (d. 1934).

• ʿARAB

  Multiple Authors

  As two of the most prominent ethnic elements in the Middle East, Arabs and Iranians have been in contact with each other, and at times have had their fortunes intertwined, for some three millennia. 

• CHINESE-IRANIAN RELATIONS

  Multiple Authors

  This series of articles deals with Chinese-Iranian relations spanning from Pre-Islamic times to the Constitutional Revolution in Iran.