Table of Contents

• HULĀGU KHAN

  Reuven Amitai

  fifth son of Tolui (and thus grandson of Čengiz Khan) and founder of the Il-khanid dynasty (b. ca. 1215, d. 1265).

• HUMAN MIGRATION

  Mehdi Amani and Habibollah Zanjani

  The cornerstone of the concept of migration is the geographical difference between place of birth and place of residence. This subject includes three types of human migration in modern Iran: (1) migration within the country; (2) immigration of foreign nationals to Iran; and (3) emigration of Iranians to foreign countries.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• HUMAN RIGHTS

  cross-reference

  See Supplement.

• HUMATA HŪXTA HUVARŠTA

  Mary Boyce

  three Avestan words which encapsulate the ethical goals of Zoroastrianism. In form verbal adjectives,  they were substantivized to mean “good thought, good word, good act.”

• HUMBAN

  cross-reference

  See ELAM vi.

• HUMOR

  J. T. P. de Bruijn

  In the present article the focus will be on description and classification of the types of humor that can be found in Persian literary sources, mainly belonging to the classical period.

• HUMORALISM

  Amir Arsalan Afkhami

  (ṭebb-e jālinusi/ṭebb-e yunāni), or Galenism, a medical philosophy that considers illness as an imbalance in the body’s four elemental humors. which are identified as blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile. Each of these humors is believed to possess two natures: hot or cold and dry or moist.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• HUMORS

  cross-reference

  See HUMORALISM.

• HUNNIC COINAGE

  Michael Alram

  coins struck from the late fourth to the early eighth century by successive Central Asian invaders (so-called Iranian Huns) of northeastern Iran and northwestern India. It must be emphasized that our knowledge of these Central Asian nomads is, to a certain extent, still vague; and the research on their history is controversial.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• HUNS

  Martin Schottky

  collective term for horsemen of various origins leading a nomadic or semi-nomadic lifestyle, thought to have descended from the Hsiung-nu, a nomadic people first mentioned in Chinese sources in 318 BCE.

• HUNTING IN IRAN

  A. Shapur Shahbazi

  i. In the pre-Islamic period. ii. In the Islamic period. See Supplement. Persian has two terms for hunting, naḵjīr and šekār, both of which have spread beyond Iranian languages.

• HUNTINGTON, ELLSWORTH

  Ursula Sims-Williams

  American geographer (1876-1947). In Central Asia ihe collected extensive data and acquired several manuscripts and wooden documents in Kharoṣṭhī, Tibetan, Sanskrit, and Khotanese.

• HUR

  Nassereddin Parvin

  name of a newspaper (1943-45) and a bilingual (Persian and Armenian) monthly journal (1971-74).

• HÜSING, GEORG

  Rüdiger Schmitt

  versatile German scholar, whose fields included Old Iranian and Elamite studies (1869-1930).

• HUŠT

  Mary Boyce and Firoze Kotwal

  Zoroastrian-Persian term for the area (in known practice a town-quarter, a village, or a group of villages) assigned to a priest.

• HUŠYĀR ŠIRĀZI

  DARYOUSH ASHOURI

  MOḤAMMAD-BĀQER, university professor and author (1904-1957).

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• HUTAOSA

  cross-reference

  See ATOSSA.

• HUTUXŠ

  cross-reference

  and HUTUXŠBED, artisans as a class and the chief of artisans in Sasanian society. See CLASS SYSTEM ii.

• HUVIŠKA

  A. D. H. Bivar

  ruler of the Great Kushan lineage, successor of Kaniška I the Great, known chiefly from inscriptions and from a prolific coinage. He reigned from at least the year 28 to 60 of the Kaniška Era, equivalent to 154-86 CE.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• HUZWĀREŠ

  D. Durkin-Meisterernst

  a term describing the use of Semitic word masks in Middle Persian texts, written in the official orthography of the Sasanian state and surviving in Zoroastrian texts, and a small number of inscriptions, and letters.