Table of Contents

  • HEDAYAT, SADEQ vi. SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

    EIr

    This article contains a selected bibliography of the works of Sadeq Hedayat.

  • HEDGEHOG

    Steven C. Anderson

    (ḵār-pošt, juja-tiḡi, čula), member of the Erinaceinae sub-family of the Erinaceidae family of insectivores; animals the size of a small rabbit. The various species of hedgehogs are found in deciduous woodlands, cultivated fields, and desert regions. 

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  • HEDIN, SVEN

    Håkan Wahlquist

    Swedish explorer of, and prolific writer on, Central Asia and Persia (1865-1952).

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  • ḤEFẒ AL-ṢEḤḤA

    Nasseredin Parvin

    the first Iranian medical journal, published as a  monthly during 1906.

  • HEGEL, GEORG WILHELM FRIEDRICH

    M. Azadpour

    German idealist philosopher (1770-1831). Hegel based his discussion of pre-Islamic Persia on two main sources: 1. ancient Greek sources on Persia, such as Herodotus; 2. A. H. Anquetil-Duperron’s pioneering work, Le Zend-Avesta (1771).

  • ḤEJĀB

    cross-reference

    See ČĀDOR (2).

  • ḤEJĀZ

    Jean During

    in Persian music, an important modal type (šāh-guša) of the Persian radif.

  • ḤEJĀZI, MOḤAMMAD MOṬIʿ-AL-DAWLA

    M. Ghanoonparvar

    novelist, short-story writer, playwright, essayist, translator, government official, and member of the Senate (1901-1974)—one of a small group of Persians with Western-style education in the early twentieth century who displayed a sense of responsibility and mission to change and modernize Persia.

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  • ḤEJLA

    Jean Calmard

    a bridal chamber (ḥejla-ye ʿarusi), generally in the shape of a curtained canopy, built by a ḥejla-sāz.

  • ḤEKMAT

    Nasseredin Parvin

    the first Persian-language newspaper to be published in an Arab country,  published in Cairo, 1892-1911.

  • ḤEKMAT BEY

    Tahsin Yazici

    ʿĀREF, Ottoman šayḵ-al-eslām (supreme authority in religious matters) 1845-54, poet in Turkish, Arabic, and Persian.

  • HEKMAT, ʿALI-AṢḠAR

    EIr, with an initial contribution by Abbas Milani

    man of letters, university professor, cabinet minister, and the chief architect of the modernization of the educational system under Reza Shah (1893-1980). Once Reza Shah decided to unveil Persian women, he placed Hekmat in charge of mapping out a plan of action, which included co-education in the first four years of elementary school.

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  • HEKMAT, REŻĀ SARDĀR FĀḴER

    Abbas Milani

    Hekmat was a staunch critic of the infamous 1919 agreement between Persia and Britain and joined forces with the anti-British Tangestāni movement. Because of these activities, ʿAbd-al-Ḥosayn Mirzā Farmānfarmā, the powerful governor of Fārs, confiscated Ḥekmat’s properties.

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  • HEKMAT, ŠAMSI MORĀDPUR

    Houman Sarshar

    Hekmat, as the honorary treasurer of the High Council of Women’s Organization of Iran, she represented Iran in various international conferences on the status of women and was instrumental in organizing ten daycare centers and orphanages throughout the country.

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  • HELĀLI ASTARĀBĀDI JAGATĀʾI

    Michele Bernardini

    Mawlānā Badr-al-Din (Nur-al-Din) accomplished Persian poet of Turkish origin (1470-1529).

  • HELIOCLES I

    Osmund Bopearachchi

    the last Greek king to reign in Bactria (ca. 145-130 BCE), known only through his monolingual coins. His power, in contrast to that of his Greco-Bactrian predecessors, was limited to the south and southwest territories of Bactria.

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  • HELL

    Multiple Authors

    This entry will treat the concept of hell in the Iranian culture under two rubrics.

  • HELL i. IN ZOROASTRIANISM

    Philippe Gignoux

    Hell is not explicitly mentioned in the Gathas. There are only allusions, where it is said that the soul and the daēnā of the wicked will be guests in the “house of falsehood.”

  • HELL ii. Islamic Period

    Mahmoud Omidsalar

    Duzaḵ and jahannam are the terms commonly used in Persian for hell.

  • HELLANICUS OF LESBOS

    J. Wiesehöfer

    a polyhistorian, probably younger than Herodotus but older than Thucydides (ca. 480-395 B.C.?), who was much read in the ancient world.