Table of Contents

  • HELLENISM

    Laurianne Martinez-Sève

    Alexander the Great’s conquest of the Achaemenid Empire between 334 and 324 and the submission of the East under Greek political control provided Hellenism with much greater significance. Greek culture became that of the rulers. Cultural exchange was, however, by no means one-sided.

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  • HELLESPONT

    cross-reference

    See XERXES.

  • ḤELLI, ḤASAN B. YUSOF B. MOṬAHHAR

    Sabine Schmidtke

    generally referred to, using his title, as “ʿAllāma Ḥelli,” prominent Imami theologian and jurist (1250-1325).

  • ḤELLI, NAJM-AL-DIN ABU’L-QĀSEM JAʿFAR

    Etan Kohlberg

    known as Moḥaqqeq or Moḥaqqeq-e awwal, a leading jurist of the Twelver Shiʿite school of Ḥella (b. ca. 1205-06, d. 1277).

  • HELMAND RIVER

    Multiple Authors

    the border river of Afghanistan and Persia. It originates in the mountains in the Hazārajāt (q.v) and flows into the Sistān in southeastern Persia and finally drains into the Hāmun Lake.

  • HELMAND RIVER i. GEOGRAPHY

    M. Jamil Hanifi and EIr

    At approximately 1,300 km, the Helmand River is the longest river in Afghanistan. Originating from the Koh-e Bābā heights of the Hindu Kush mountain range (about 40 km west of Kabul), the Helmand receives five tributaries—Kajrud (Kudrud), Arḡandāb, Terin, Arḡastān, and Tarnak.

  • HELMAND RIVER ii. IN ZOROASTRIAN TRADITION

    Gherardo Gnoli

    According to Avestan geography, the region of the Haētumant River extends in a southwest direction from the point of confluence of the Arḡandāb with the Helmand.

  • HELMAND RIVER iii. IN THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD

    C. Edmund Bosworth

    The early Islamic geographers refer variously to the Helmand River as Hendmand, Hilmand, Hirmid, Hidmand, Hermand, or Hirmand, the usual name in Persian down to the present time.

  • HELMAND RIVER iv. IN THE LATE 19TH AND 20TH CENTURIES

    Arash Khazeni

    The late 19th and 20th centuries saw a number of colonial and national schemes, including boundary commisions and large-scale irrigation projects, that aimed to demarcate the Iran-Afghan borderlands.

  • HELMET

    Multiple Authors

    OVERVIEW of the entry: i. In Pre-Islamic Iran. ii. In the Islamic period.

  • HELMET i. In Pre-Islamic Iran

    B. A. Litvinsky

    The Iranian tradition of helmet making is very old. Elam produced hemispherical bronze helmets with decorative figures that can be dated to the 14th century BCE.  Bronze and iron helmets from the 9th-8th centuries have been found at western Iranian sites (Ḥasanlu, Mārlik, Safidrud). 

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  • HELMET ii. In the Islamic Period

    M. V. Gorelik

    By the time the Muslims conquered the Iranian world (the territory now occupied by Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, Central Asia, and Azerbaijan), two helmet types were already known: egg-shaped and conical.

  • ḤELMI, RAFIQ

    Joyce Blau

    Kurdish historian, poet, and political activist (1898-1960).

  • ḤELYAT AL-MOTTAQIN

    Hamid Algar

    (“The Adornment of the Godfearing”), a compendious work that has remained highly popular, on recommended customs, norms, and modes of behavior.

  • HEMIN MOKRIĀNI

    Joyce Blau

    the pen name of Sayyed Moḥammad Amini Šayḵ-al-Eslām Mokri, Kurdish poet and journalist (1921-1986).

  • HEMP

    cross-reference

    See BANG.

  • HENDAVĀNA

    cross-reference

    See WATERMELON.

  • HENDUŠĀH B. SANJAR

    C. Edmund Bosworth

    B. ʿABD-ALLAH SAḤEBI KIRANI, author of a Persian history  Tajāreb al-salaf (fl. first half of the 8th/14th century).

  • HENNA

    Hušang ʿAlam

    (Pers. ḥanā, Ar. ḥennāʾ), a russet or orange dye obtained from the pulverized leaves of the henna plant, Lawsonia alba Lam. (= L. inermis/spinosa L.; fam. Lythraceae).

  • HENNING, WALTER BRUNO

    Werner Sundermann

    The emphasis on the philological character of Henning’s work is justified not only because all his discoveries were made through deductions from or new interpretations of original sources, but also because his working system kept astonishingly aloof from theorems regarding contemporary linguistics, the philosophy of history, ethnology, and comparative religion.

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