Table of Contents
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HELLENISM
Laurianne Martinez-Sève
Alexander the Great’s conquest of the Achaemenid Empire between 334 and 324 and the submission of the East under Greek political control provided Hellenism with much greater significance. Greek culture became that of the rulers. Cultural exchange was, however, by no means one-sided.
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HELLESPONT
cross-reference
See XERXES.
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ḤELLI, ḤASAN B. YUSOF B. MOṬAHHAR
Sabine Schmidtke
generally referred to, using his title, as “ʿAllāma Ḥelli,” prominent Imami theologian and jurist (1250-1325).
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ḤELLI, NAJM-AL-DIN ABU’L-QĀSEM JAʿFAR
Etan Kohlberg
known as Moḥaqqeq or Moḥaqqeq-e awwal, a leading jurist of the Twelver Shiʿite school of Ḥella (b. ca. 1205-06, d. 1277).
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HELMAND RIVER
Multiple Authors
the border river of Afghanistan and Persia. It originates in the mountains in the Hazārajāt (q.v) and flows into the Sistān in southeastern Persia and finally drains into the Hāmun Lake.
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HELMAND RIVER i. GEOGRAPHY
M. Jamil Hanifi and EIr
At approximately 1,300 km, the Helmand River is the longest river in Afghanistan. Originating from the Koh-e Bābā heights of the Hindu Kush mountain range (about 40 km west of Kabul), the Helmand receives five tributaries—Kajrud (Kudrud), Arḡandāb, Terin, Arḡastān, and Tarnak.
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HELMAND RIVER ii. IN ZOROASTRIAN TRADITION
Gherardo Gnoli
According to Avestan geography, the region of the Haētumant River extends in a southwest direction from the point of confluence of the Arḡandāb with the Helmand.
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HELMAND RIVER iii. IN THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD
C. Edmund Bosworth
The early Islamic geographers refer variously to the Helmand River as Hendmand, Hilmand, Hirmid, Hidmand, Hermand, or Hirmand, the usual name in Persian down to the present time.
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HELMAND RIVER iv. IN THE LATE 19TH AND 20TH CENTURIES
Arash Khazeni
The late 19th and 20th centuries saw a number of colonial and national schemes, including boundary commisions and large-scale irrigation projects, that aimed to demarcate the Iran-Afghan borderlands.
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HELMET
Multiple Authors
OVERVIEW of the entry: i. In Pre-Islamic Iran. ii. In the Islamic period.
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HELMET i. In Pre-Islamic Iran
B. A. Litvinsky
The Iranian tradition of helmet making is very old. Elam produced hemispherical bronze helmets with decorative figures that can be dated to the 14th century BCE. Bronze and iron helmets from the 9th-8th centuries have been found at western Iranian sites (Ḥasanlu, Mārlik, Safidrud).
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HELMET ii. In the Islamic Period
M. V. Gorelik
By the time the Muslims conquered the Iranian world (the territory now occupied by Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, Central Asia, and Azerbaijan), two helmet types were already known: egg-shaped and conical.
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ḤELMI, RAFIQ
Joyce Blau
Kurdish historian, poet, and political activist (1898-1960).
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ḤELYAT AL-MOTTAQIN
Hamid Algar
(“The Adornment of the Godfearing”), a compendious work that has remained highly popular, on recommended customs, norms, and modes of behavior.
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HEMIN MOKRIĀNI
Joyce Blau
the pen name of Sayyed Moḥammad Amini Šayḵ-al-Eslām Mokri, Kurdish poet and journalist (1921-1986).
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HEMP
cross-reference
See BANG.
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HENDAVĀNA
cross-reference
See WATERMELON.
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HENDUŠĀH B. SANJAR
C. Edmund Bosworth
B. ʿABD-ALLAH SAḤEBI KIRANI, author of a Persian history Tajāreb al-salaf (fl. first half of the 8th/14th century).
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HENNA
Hušang ʿAlam
(Pers. ḥanā, Ar. ḥennāʾ), a russet or orange dye obtained from the pulverized leaves of the henna plant, Lawsonia alba Lam. (= L. inermis/spinosa L.; fam. Lythraceae).
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HENNING, WALTER BRUNO
Werner Sundermann
The emphasis on the philological character of Henning’s work is justified not only because all his discoveries were made through deductions from or new interpretations of original sources, but also because his working system kept astonishingly aloof from theorems regarding contemporary linguistics, the philosophy of history, ethnology, and comparative religion.
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