Table of Contents

• GANDHĀRA

  Willem Vogelsang

  (OPers. Gandāra), a province of the Persian empire under the Achaemenids. The name of Gandhāra or Gandhārī occurs in ancient Indian texts as the name of a people.

• GANDHĀRAN ART

  B. A. Litvinsky

  : Iranian contribution and Iranian connections. The region of Gandhāra attained its peak of prosperity in the Kushan period (1st to 3rd centuries CE), when it became one of the strongholds of Buddhism.

• GĀNDHĀRĪ LANGUAGE

  Richard Salomon

  The language of ancient Gandhāra, the area around the Peshawar Valley in the modern North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan, lying near the border of the Indian and Iranian linguistic areas.

• GANDOM

  Daniel Balland and Marcel Bazin

  “wheat,”  both the plant and the grain. Wheat bread has been the staple of local diets throughout Iranian plateau for millennia. A very broad range of bread wheat varieties has traditionally been grown in the Iranian lands, especially in Afghanistan.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• GANDOMAK, TREATY OF

  M. Jamil Hanifi

  an agreement between Amir Moḥammad-Yaʿqub of Afghanistan (r. February to October 1879) and Major Pierre Louis Napolıon Cavagnari, representing the British Government of India.

• GĀNEMĪ

  Cross-Reference

  See Supplement.

• GANG DEŽ

  Cross-Reference

  See KANGDEŽ.

• ḠANĪ

  G. L. Tikku and EIr

  Pen name of Mollā MOḤAMMAD-ṬĀHER KAŠMĪRĪ (1630-69), one of the most celebrated poets of Kashmir who wrote in the Indian Style (sabk-e hendī).

• ḠANĪ, QĀSEM

  Abbas Milani

  (1893-1952), physician, diplomat, and well-known scholar on the poet Ḥāfeẓ.

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• ḠANĪMAT KONJĀHĪ

  Arif Naushahi

  Persian poet from the Indian subcontinent, famous for composing Nīrang-e ʿešq (d. ca 1713).