Table of Contents
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Great Britain xii. The Persian Community in Britain (2)
Namdar Baghaei-Yazdi
The Library for Iranian Studies in London was opened to members on 16 November 1991 and at that time the library consisted of a collection of 2,500 books and other publications.
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Great Britain xiii. The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)
F. Safiri and H. Shahidi
In the late 1930s, the British Government began to fund BBC broadcasts in languages other than English designed to counter anti-British broadcasts from Germany and Italy. The first were in Arabic, in January 1938, followed by Spanish and Portuguese to Latin America in March. Persian broadcasts followed in December 1940.
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Great Britain xiv. The British Institute of Persian Studies
D. Stronach
was founded in the spring of 1961, thanks to the vision and commitment of a small group of scholars in Britain, each of whom had a special interest in the arts and letters of Persia.
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Great Britain xv. British Schools in Persia
Gulnar E. Francis-Dehqani
This article will outline the major educational efforts of the British missionaries in Persia from 1871. The British schools in Persia were primarily founded by missionary organizations, most notably the Church Missionary Society (CMS).
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Greece
Multiple Authors
OVERVIEW of the entry.
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Greece i. Greco-Persian Political Relations
Rüdiger Schmitt
After subjugating the Medes, Cyrus II started his first expedition westwards. In 547 B.C.E. he turned against Lydia and its king, Croesus.
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Greece ii. Greco-Persian Cultural Relations
Margaret C. Miller
This article is addresses the evidence for receptivity to Persian culture in Greece, the North Aegean, and West Anatolia, including receptivity on the part of the non-Greek peoples of these regions.
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Greece iii. Persian Influence on Greek Thought
Jacques Duchesne-Guillemin
The idea of Iranian origins of Greek philosophy had a legendary aura, either by declaring that Pythagoras had been Zoroaster’s pupil in Babylon, or by writing, as did Clement of Alexandria, that Heraclitus had drawn on “the barbarian philosophy.”
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Greece iv. Greek Influence on Persian Thought
Mansour Shaki
After the conquest of Ionia, Lydia, and other regions of Asia Minor by Cyrus II, the Persians came into close contact with the Hellenes, their skilled artisans, renowned physicians, artists, statements, men-of-arms, and the like.
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Greece vi. The Image of Persia and Persians in Greek Literature
Reinhold Bichler and Robert Rollinger
The image of Persia in Greek literature is highly stylized and may not be considered as a reflection of actually experienced cultural contacts.
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GREECE vii. GREEK ART AND ARCHITECTURE IN IRAN
Rémy Boucharlat
The influx of elements of Greek art into Persia during the Achaemenid period was primarily the result of the importation of artists and artisans from Hellenized Asia Minor and rarely due to a direct supply of objects.
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Greece viii. Greek Art in Central Asia, Afghanistan, and Northwest India
Claude Rapin
The emergence of Greek art as a phenomenon following the expedition of Alexander the Great was a major cultural event in Central Asia and India. Its effects were felt for almost a thousand years, down to the early Islamic period.
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Greece ix. Greek and Persian Romances
Richard Davis
Three Persian verse romances of the 11th century stand out as significantly unlike other Persian verse romances, and they share enough features with the Greek Hellenistic Romances to suggest the existence of links between the two sets of tales.
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GREECE x. GREEK MEDICINE IN PERSIA
Gül Russell
The question of Greek medicine in Iran is closely bound up with the history of Greco-Arabic medicine, which developed with the impetus of the “translation movement” between the 8th and the 10th centuries.
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Greece xii. Persian Loanwords and Names in Greek
Rüdiger Schmitt
The Greeks came into direct contact with speakers of Iranian languages when Cyrus II conquered the Lydian empire in 547 B.C.E. However, the possibility of linguistic borrowings in prehistoric times cannot be ruled out.
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Greece xiii. Greek Loanwords in Middle Iranian Languages
Philip Huyse
The number of loanwords borrowed from Greek into the pre-Islamic Iranian languages is far less impressive than the number of borrowings in the other direction.
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Greece xiv. Greek Loanwords in Medieval New Persian
Lutz Richter Bernburg and EIr
In the Islamic period, Persian learned literature was largely modelled upon Arabic antecedents and that these, whether translations from Greek or Arabic originals, strove to minimize foreign and unfamiliar-sounding vocabulary.
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GREECE xv. Ancient Greek borrowings of Persian herbs and plants of medicinal value
Luigi Arata
It is well attested that the ancient Greek city-states (poleis) and the Persian Empire had continuous commercial contact which influenced the ordinary life of both parties.
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GREECE xvi. Greek Ideas and Sciences in Sasanian Iran
Philippe Gignoux
The arrival of Greek ideas and sciences in Iran have been traced through translated texts. However, there are allusions and references that we can glean from Pahlavi literature, and on occasion in longer passages where the closely related medical and philosophical theories of the ancient East indicate their origins in Greek or Indian civilization. Some of these references go back as far as the Achaemenid period too.
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GREEKS IN MODERN IRAN
Evangelos Venetis
economic and political trends beginning in the 19th century led to the establishment of a significant Greek community in Iran.
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GRIBOEDOV, ALEXANDER SERGEEVICH
George Bournoutian
Griboedov joined the Russian administration in Transcaucasia in early 1819 and was sent by the Chief Administrator, General Ermolov, to Persia to establish the Russian Mission in Tehran.
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GRIGORIAN, Marcos
Hengameh Fouladvand
(Mārcos [better known as Marco] Grigoriān, b. Kropotkin, Russia, 5 December 1925; d. Yerevan, 27 August 2007), Iranian-Armenian artist, actor, teacher, gallery owner, and collector who played a pioneering role in the development of Iranian modern art.
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GRĪW
Werner Sundermann
a Middle Iranian word meaning “neck, throat” and “self, soul.”
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GROTEFEND, GEORG FRIEDRICH
Rüdiger Schmitt
(b. Hannoversch-Münden, 1775; d. Hannover, 1853), German philologist and scholar of oriental studies.
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GROUSSET, RENÉ
Jacqueline Calmard-Compas
(b. Aubais, Gard, France, 1885; d. Paris, 1952), French historian who based his wide-ranging research on the studies of the leading French orientalists of his time, and wrote works of synthesis on various aspects of Oriental history and culture.
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GRUMBATES
Cross-Reference
See CHIONITES.
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GRUNDRISS DER IRANISCHEN PHILOLOGIE
Rüdiger Schmitt
(Encyclopaedia of Iranian Philology; Strassburg, 1895-1904, reprinted Berlin and New York, 1974), the first attempt to summarize the knowledge of all subjects concerning Iran — the languages and literatures, history and culture of Iran and the Iranian peoples — that had been achieved by the end of the 19th century.
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GRÜNWEDEL, ALBERT
Werner Sundermann
(b. Munich, 1856; d. Lenggries, 1935), prominent German Indologist, Tibetologist, art scholar, and archeologist.
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GRYUNBERG TSVETINOVICH, ALEKSANDR LEONOVICH
Vladmir Kushev
(b. St. Petersburg, 1930; d. St. Petersburg, 1995), Russian linguist who specialized in Iranian languages.
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GUARDIAN COUNCIL
A. Schirazi
or Šurā-ye Negahbān; a powerful 12-member council with vast legislative and executive jurisdictions that forms a cornerstone of the Islamic Republic’s Constitution.
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GUBARU
Rüdiger Schmitt
Babylonian rendering of the Iranian name Gaub(a)ruva, which is best known in the Greek form Gōbryas.
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GUDARZ
Cross-Reference
See GŌDARZ.
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GUEVREKIAN, GABRIEL
Mina Marefat
(b. Istanbul, 1900; d. 1970), Armenian avant-garde architect, an influential figure in the development of modern architecture in Persia, linking Persian architects with Europe’s pioneers of the modern movement.
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GUIDI, IGNAZIO
Erich Kettenhofen
Guidi’s most valuable discovery, the Syriac chronicle of an anonymous Nestorian Christian, contains otherwise non-attested details of late Sasanian history. Guidi recognized the significance of the synodal records of the Nestorian church for reconstructing the administration of the empire.
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GUIDI’S CHRONICLE
Sebastian P. Brock
an anonymous, 7th-century chronicle of Nestorian Christians, known also as “the Khuzistan Chronicle,” written in Syriac and covering the period from the reign of the Sasanian Hormizd/Hormoz IV (579-89) to the middle of the 7th century and the time of the early Arab conquests.
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GUILDS
Cross-Reference
See AṢNĀF; CHAMBER OF GUILDS; CHAMBER OF COMMERCE; BĀZĀR iii.
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GUILLEMIN, MARCELLE
Anne Draffkorn Kilmer
One of the early investigators of the reconstruction of ancient Babylonian musical scales and music theory, she was the first scholar to explore and explain the musicological significance of the sequence of number-pairs of musical strings in a cuneiform text of the first millennium B.C.E. excavated at the archaeological site of Nippur in southern Iraq.
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GUJARAT
Gavin R. G. Hambly
(Skt. Gurjaṛ), a province of India on its northwestern coastline.
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GUJARATI
K. M. Jamaspasa
or Gojarati; the mother tongue of Gujaratis, which has been for centuries a vehicle of thought and expression for Hindus, Parsis, and Muslims of Gu-jarat in western India.
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GUJASTAG ABĀLIŠ
Cross-Reference
See ABĀLIŠ.
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GUKLĀN
Pierre Oberling
Turkmen tribal confederacy of the Gorgān region in northeastern Persia, the district of Qara Qalʿa in Turkmenistan, and the Ḵiva region in Uzbekistan.
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ḠUL
Mahmoud and Teresa P. Omidsalar
designation of a fantastic, frightening creature in the Perso-Arabic lore.
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GULBARGA
Gavin R. G. Hambly
or Golbargā; city and district in the central Deccan, India.
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GULBENKIAN, CALOUSTE
Jennifer Manoukian
(1869-1955), Armenian oil financier, art collector, and philanthropist born in Lisbon.
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GULF WAR and PERSIA
Lawrence G. Potter
the final conflict, which was initiated with United Nations authorization, by a coalition force from 34 nations against Iraq, with the expressed purpose of expelling Iraqi forces from Kuwait after its invasion and annexion on 2 August 1990.
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GUMĒZIŠN
D. N. Mackenzie
a Middle Persian noun, spelled gwmycšn in Pahlavi and gwmyzyšn in Manichean script, meaning “mixing, mingling, mixture.”
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GÜNDÜZLÜ
Cross-Reference
See TURKIC TRIBES.
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GUNPOWDER
Cross-Reference
See BĀRUT.
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GUNS, GUNNERY
Cross-Reference
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GUR
Cross-Reference
See ARDAŠIR ḴORRA, FIRUZĀBĀD.
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ḠUR
C. Edmund Bosworth
a region of central Afghanistan, essentially the modern administrative province (welāyat) of Ḡōrāt.
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GUR-E AMIR
Cross-Reference
See SAMARQAND.
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GUR-E DOḴTAR
cross-reference
See BOZPĀR.
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GURĀN
Pierre Oberling
a tribe dwelling in the dehestān of Gurān, between Qaṣr-e Širin and Kermānšāh (Bāḵtarān), in Kurdistan.
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GURĀNI
D. N. Mackenzie
comprises a group of similar North-west Iranian dialects which includes that of Kandula, 25 miles north-north-west of Kermānšāh, and Bāǰalānī, in the region around Zohāb and Qaṣr-e Šīrīn, with an offshoot among the Šabak, Ṣārlī, and Bāǰalān (Bēǰwān) villages east of the city of Mosul in Iraq.
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GURDZIECKI, BOGDAN
Rudi Matthee
known in Persia as Bohtam Beg; Polish envoy of Georgian-Armenian origin and first permanent Polish resident in Safavid Persia (d. Moscow, 1700).
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ḠURIĀN
Cross-Reference
See FUŠANJ.
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GURKHAN
Cross-Reference
See QARA ḴETĀY; CENTRAL ASIA; TITLE OF RULERS.
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GURUMU
Cross-Reference
See BĒṮ GARMĒ.
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GUŠA
Jean During
lit. "corner" or "part"; a term in Persian music designating a unit of melody of variable importance, which occupies a special place in the development of one of the twelve modal systems (dastgāh or āvāz).
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GUSAN
Cross-Reference
See EPICS.
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GUSFAND
Jean-Pierre Digard
sheep, ovine.
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GUŠYĀR GILĀNI, ABU’L-ḤASAN B. LABBĀN
David Pingree
Arabicized Kušyār; an astronomer and mathematician from Gilān, whence his nesba Jili/Gilāni (fl. late 10th-early 11th cent.).
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GUTIANS
Marc Van De Mieroop
name used in ancient Mesopotamian texts to refer to a variety of people, mostly from the Zagros mountain area.
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GUTSCHMID, HERMANN ALFRED FREIHERR VON
Ronald E. Emmerick
(b. Loschwitz near Dresden, 1831; d. Tübingen, 1887), classical scholar and ancient historian with a special interest in the Ancient Near East.
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GÜYÜK KHAN
Peter Jackson
(r. 1246-48), Mongol great khan (qaḡan), given posthumously the regnal title Ting-tsung.
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GUZAŠTAG ABĀLIŠ
Cross-Reference
See ABĀLIŠ.
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GUZGĀN
Cross-Reference
a district of what was in early Islamic times eastern Khorasan, now roughly corresponding to the northwest of modern Afghanistan, adjacent to the frontier with the southeastern fringe of the Turkmenistan Republic. See JOWZJĀN.
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GWĀTI
Cross-Reference
See BALUCHISTAN.
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GYMNASTICS IN PERSIA
Cross-Reference
See Supplement.
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GYPSUM
Dietrich Huff
soft mineral produced from natural gypsum rock by firing in kilns or piles and subsequent pulverization by pounding and grinding.
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GYPSY
Jean-Pierre Digard, Gernot L. Windfuhr
generally referred to by the term kowli in Persian, seemingly a distortion of kāboli, that is, coming from Kabol, the capital of Afghanistan. It is not at all certain, however, that all the groups referred to as kowli are authentic gypsies; nor that only the groups referred to as kowli should be considered as gypsies.
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GYPSY i. Gypsies of Persia
Jean-Pierre Digard
Almost everywhere in Persia there are groups with characteristics similar to those of the Gypsies, but they are called by different names, sometimes designating their geographic or ethnic origin, sometimes their social status, and sometimes their profession.
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GYPSY ii. Gypsy Dialects
Gernot L. Windfuhr
The languages and dialects popularly called “Gypsy” (< Egipcien < qebṭi “Coptic, Egyptian”) constitute three major groups: Asiatic or Middle Eastern Domari, Armenian Lomavren, and European Romani.
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Gurughli
music sample
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G~ CAPTIONS OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Cross-Reference
list of all the figure and plate images in the letter G entries.