Table of Contents

  • FLORENCE

    Cross-Reference

    See ŠAH-NĀMA MANUSCRIPTS.

  • FLOWERS

    Cross-Reference

    See GOL.

  • FLOYER, ERNEST AYSCOGHE

    Josef Elfenbein

    (1852-1903) explorer, writer, and the first station chief of the Indo-European Telegraph Line at Jāsk.

    This Article Has Images/Tables.

  • FLÜGEL, GUSTAV LEBERECHT

    Gerd Gropp

    (b. 18 February 1802, Bautzen; d. 5 July 1870, Dresden), German orientalist.

  • FLURY, SAMUEL

    Jens Kröger

    (1874-1935) pioneer of Islamic paleographical studies.(1874-1935) pioneer of Islamic paleographical studies. Although Flury was primarily interested in problems of the development of Kufic script, much of his specific research was focused on monuments in Persia.

    This Article Has Images/Tables.

  • FOḠĀN

    Cross-reference

    See AŠRAF-ʿALĪ KHAN FOḠĀN.

  • FŌLĀDĪ

    Cross-Reference

    Buddhist cave site in Afghanistan. See AFGHANISTAN viii.

  • FOLK POETRY

    Philip G. Kreyenbroek

    in Iranian languages. The term ‘folk poetry’ can be properly used for texts which have some characteristics marking them as poetry and belong to the tradition of the common people, as against the dominant ‘polite’ literary cult

  • FOLKLORE STUDIES

    Multiple Authors

    aims to provide a summary of folklore studies made in or about the Iranian world. It encompasses a wide field of varying notions, ranging from popular beliefs and customs to myths, legends and other genres of oral literature.

  • FOLKLORE STUDIES i. OF PERSIA

    Ulrich Marzolph

    The term folklore denotes, in a very broad sense, the traditional cultural expression of any notable group of people, not necessarily belonging to a specific social stratum.

  • FOLKLORE STUDIES ii. OF AFGHANISTAN

    Margaret A. Mills and Abdul Ali Ahrary

    Folklore may be defined as roughly comprising the oral-traditional component of culture, complementary or competitive with an official, canonical “written” culture, but this definition presents certain problems.

  • FOLŪS

    Cross-reference

    See CASSIA.

  • FONDOQESTĀN

    B. A. Litvinskiĭ

    (FONDUKISTAN), early medieval settlement and Buddhist monastery in Afghanistan, in the province of Parvān (Parwan). The site is usually dated to the 7th century CE on the evidence of artistic style and numismatic finds, the oldest of which is from 689 C.E. However, the shape and the decorations of the stupa suggest that the complex can be even earlier.

    This Article Has Images/Tables.

  • FOOD

    Cross-reference

    See COOKING.

  • FOOTBALL

    Houchang Chehabi

    (soccer). The game of football was introduced to Persia in the first two decades of the 20th century by British residents and American missionaries. In Tehran the employees of the British legation, the Imperial Bank, and the Indo-Persian Telegraph Company

  • FOQQĀʿ

    Sayyed Mohammad Dabirsiaghi

    an effervescent drink preserved in heavy and usually rounded clay vessels.

    This Article Has Images/Tables.

  • FORĀT

    Cross-reference

    See EUPHRATES.

  • FORĀT B. EBRĀHĪM

    Meir M. Bar-Asher

    Shiʿite(most probably Imami) Koran commentator and Hadith scholar. The dates of his birth and death are unknown, but the time he flourished can be estimated by the dates of the scholars whom he quoted or who transmitted Hadith on his authority.

  • FORĀT MAYSĀN

    Cross-reference

    See BAHMAN ARDAŠĪR.

  • FOREIGN AFFAIRS

    Willem Floor

    administration and ministry of foreign affairs.