Table of Contents

  • FLORA

    Multiple Authors

    i. Historical Background. ii. In Persia. iii. In Afghanistan

  • FLORA i. Historical Background

    Karl Hummel

    The indigenous knowledge of plants in Persia had a long standing tradition before the country’s flora was explored by Europeans, who were eventually joined in modern scientific botany by Persian botanists.

  • FLORA ii. IN PERSIA

    Wolfgang Frey, Harald Kürschner, Wilfried Probst

    With approximately six thousand recorded species of ferns and flowering plants, Persia harbors one of the richest floras of the Near Eastern countries, ranging from subtropical forests to dry-adapted woodlands, dwarf shrubs and thorn cushion formations, and semidesert shrublands.

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  • FLORA iii. In Afghanistan

    Cross-Reference

    See AFGHANISTAN ii. Flora.

  • FLORA IRANICA

    Wolfgang Frey

    a monumental work on the plants of Persia. Edited by Karl Heinz Rechinger of Vienna since 1963, Flora Iranica now consists of some 172 fascicles and is nearly complete. Only two spermatophyte families, the Cyperaceae and the Rubiaceae, are as yet lacking

  • FLORENCE

    Cross-Reference

    See ŠAH-NĀMA MANUSCRIPTS.

  • FLOWERS

    Cross-Reference

    See GOL.

  • FLOYER, ERNEST AYSCOGHE

    Josef Elfenbein

    Floyer became the first station chief at Jāsk in 1870, although he was only seventeen, and served until 1877. Goldsmid encouraged his station and substation staff to explore their surroundings, and Floyer was one of those who responded, taking a long leave of absence in 1876-77.

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  • FLÜGEL, GUSTAV LEBERECHT

    Gerd Gropp

    (b. 18 February 1802, Bautzen; d. 5 July 1870, Dresden), German orientalist.

  • FLURY, SAMUEL

    Jens Kröger

    (1874-1935) pioneer of Islamic paleographical studies. Although Flury was primarily interested in problems of the development of Kufic script, much of his specific research was focused on monuments in Persia.

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  • FOʾĀDI BOŠRUʾI, ḤASAN

    Fereydun Vahman

    (1899-1936), historian, philologist, educator, and head of Bahai schools in Iran and Turkmenistan.

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  • FOḠĀN

    Cross-reference

    See AŠRAF-ʿALĪ KHAN FOḠĀN.

  • FŌLĀDĪ

    Cross-Reference

    Buddhist cave site in Afghanistan. See AFGHANISTAN viii.

  • FOLK POETRY

    Philip G. Kreyenbroek

    in Iranian languages. The term ‘folk poetry’ can be properly used for texts which have some characteristics marking them as poetry and belong to the tradition of the common people, as against the dominant ‘polite’ literary cult

  • FOLKLORE STUDIES

    Multiple Authors

    aims to provide a summary of folklore studies made in or about the Iranian world. It encompasses a wide field of varying notions, ranging from popular beliefs and customs to myths, legends and other genres of oral literature.

  • FOLKLORE STUDIES i. OF PERSIA

    Ulrich Marzolph

    The term folklore denotes, in a very broad sense, the traditional cultural expression of any notable group of people, not necessarily belonging to a specific social stratum.

  • FOLKLORE STUDIES ii. OF AFGHANISTAN

    Margaret A. Mills and Abdul Ali Ahrary

    Folklore may be defined as roughly comprising the oral-traditional component of culture, complementary or competitive with an official, canonical “written” culture, but this definition presents certain problems.

  • FOLŪS

    Cross-reference

    See CASSIA.

  • FONDOQESTĀN

    B. A. Litvinskiĭ

    (FONDUKISTAN), early medieval settlement and Buddhist monastery in Afghanistan, in the province of Parvān (Parwan). The site is usually dated to the 7th century CE on the evidence of artistic style and numismatic finds, the oldest of which is from 689 C.E. However, the shape and the decorations of the stupa suggest that the complex can be even earlier.

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  • FOOD

    Cross-reference

    See COOKING.