Table of Contents

  • FORUZĀNFAR, Badiʿ-al-Zamān

    Abd-al-Hosayn Zarrinkub

    (1903-1970) Persian literary scholar and critic, professor at the University of Tehran, one of the pioneers of literary studies in modern Persia. A significant part of Forūzānfar’s scholarship was devoted to Rūmī and his associates; other works cover Islamic mysticism and philosophy.

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  • FOTOWWA

    Cross-reference

    See JAVĀNMARDĪ.

  • FOTŪḤ AL-SALĀṮĪN

    Cross-reference

    Work by Indo-Muslim poet ʿAbd-al-Malek ʿEṣāmi. See ʿEṢAMI, ʿABD-AL-MALEK.

  • FOUCHER, ALFRED

    François de Blois

    (1865-1952), the first head of the French Archaeological Mission in Afghanistan (see DÉLÉGATIONS ARCHÉOLOGIQUES FRANÇAISES, ii.) and a noted scholar on Grœco-Buddhist art.

  • FOUNDATIONS

    Cross-reference

    See under individual entries, such as BONYĀD-E FARHANG-E ĪRĀN; BONYĀD-E ŠAHĪD; BONYĀD-E ŠĀH-NĀMA-YE FERDOWSĪ.

  • FOWAṬĪ, HEŠĀM

    Josef van Ess

    b. ʿAMR (d. Baghdad, ca. 845), Muʿtazilite theologian of Basran affiliation and student of Abu’l-Hoḏayl.

  • FOX i. NATURAL HISTORY

    Steven C. Anderson

    small member of the dog family (Canidae). They occur throughout most of the world, with four species in Iran and Afghanistan, i. NATURAL HISTORY.

  • FOX ii. IN PERSIA

    Mahmoud and Teresa Omidsalar

    In pre-Islamic Iran, the fox was considered as one of the ten varieties of dog, created against a demon called xabag dēw. In Islam, although consuming fox flesh is forbidden by most schools of law, medicinal use of various parts of the fox’s body is allowed for treatment of a variety of conditions.

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  • FOŻŪLĪ, MOḤAMMAD

    Eir

    b. Solaymān (ca. 1480-1556), widely regarded as the greatest lyric poet in Azerbayjani Turkish, who also wrote extensively in Arabic and Persian.

  • FRĀDA

    Muhammad A. Dandamayev

    a sixth century Margian leader.

  • FRAHANG Ī OĪM

    William W. Malandra

    an Avestan-Pahlavi glossary so named after its first entry, Av. oīm glossed by Pahl. ēwag, though the work is introduced with the lengthy title: “On the understanding of the speech and words of the Avesta, namely, what and how its zand is.”

  • FRAHANG Ī PAHLAWĪG

    D. N. MacKenzie

    lit. “a Pahlavi dictionary,” is rather a description than the title of an anonymous glossary of some five hundred mostly Aramaic heterograms (ideograms), in the form used by Zoroastrians in writing Middle Persian (Book Pahlavi), each explained by a “phonetic” writing of the corresponding Persian word.

  • FRAMADĀR

    Marie-Louise Chaumont

    or FRAMĀTĀR; a Sasanian administrative title.

  • FRANCE

    Multiple Authors

    Relations with Iran.

  • FRANCE i. Introduction

    Jean Calmard

    Compared to the long-standing history of Persian civilization, France emerged as a powerful entity endowed with its own distinctive culture only in the 13th century C.E., i.e. the great century of Christianity.

  • FRANCE ii. RELATIONS WITH PERSIA TO 1789

    Jean Calmard

    In the early Middle Ages, Persia was perceived by the French mostly through biblical, Greek, and Latin sources.

  • FRANCE iii. RELATIONS WITH PERSIA 1789-1918

    Florence Hellot-Bellier

    After more than sixty years of half-hearted diplomatic maneuverings, permanent relations were finally established between the France and Persia in 1855.

  • FRANCE iv. RELATIONS WITH PERSIA SINCE 1918

    Marie-Louise Chaumont

    During the First World War, France, unlike England, Russia, Germany, and the Ottoman Empire, had no direct strategic interests in Persia.

  • FRANCE v. ADMINISTRATIVE AND MILITARY CONTACTS WITH PERSIA

    Massoud Farnoud

    The motives for Franco-Persian administrative and military contacts between the French Revolution of 1789 and the Persian Constitutional Revolution of 1906, their implementation and their impact on Persia will be examined here.

  • FRANCE vi. PERSIA AND THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

    Mohammad Tavakoli-Targhi

    Persians saw the French Revolution as sedition (fetna), corruption (fesād), a general disturbance by the populace (balwā-ye ʿāmm), insurrection (šūreš), the great revolution (enqelāb-e ʿaẓīm), and the great revolution (enqelāb-e kabīr).