Table of Contents
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FORTRESSES
Cross-reference
See CASTLES.
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FORŪD (1)
Jean During
(lit. descent; Forūvard in Bukharian tradition, Ayaq in Azeri moqām), general designation of the concluding motif of a melodic sequence in Persian music.
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FORŪD (2)
Djalal Khaleghi-Motlagh
or Ferōd; son of Sīāvaḵš and half brother of Kay Ḵosrow.
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FORŪGĪ BESṬĀMĪ, ʿABBĀS
Heshmat Moayyad
or BASṬĀMĪ (b. Karbalā, 1798; d. Tehran, 1857), 19th-century poet.
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FORŪGĪ, ABU'L-ḤASAN
Bagher Agheli
(b. Isfahan, 1884; d. Tehran, 1960), educator and author.
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FORŪGĪ, MOḤAMMAD-ʿALĪ ḎOKĀʾ-AL-MOLK
Fakhreddin Azimi, Iraj Afshar
(1877-1942), statesman, scholar, and man of letters. Forūḡī’s personal integrity and honesty have rarely been disputed, even by his critics. Others have blamed him for helping to bring about Reżā Shah’s regime and continuing to serve it despite its blatant misdeeds.
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FORŪGĪ, MOḤAMMAD-ḤOSAYN Khan Ḏokāʾ-al-Molk
Manouchehr Kasheff
(b. Isfahan, 1839; d. Tehran, 1907), poet, journalist, literateur, translator, and author.
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FORŪGĪ, MOḤSEN
Mina Marefat and EIr, Richard N. Frye
(1907-1983), pioneer of modern architecture in Persia, an influential professor of architecture at the University of Tehran, and a noted collector of Persian art. He was imprisoned in 1979 after the revolution, and his art collection was placed in the Archaeological Museum, Tehran.
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FORUTAN, ʿALI-AKBAR
IRAJ AYMAN
In Ashkhabad, Forutan had the opportunity to study under the Bahai scholar, Mirzā Mahdi Golpāygāni, and at his bidding gave lectures at Bahai meetings and wrote articles for the Bahai magazines Fekr-e-javān and Ḵoršid-e ḵāvar. When he was in secondary school, Forutan served as a member of the Bahai Youth Committee in Ashkhabad.
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FORUTAN, YŪSOF
Jean During
a twentieth century master of Persian music.
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FORUZĀNFAR, Badiʿ-al-Zamān
Abd-al-Hosayn Zarrinkub
(1903-1970) Persian literary scholar and critic, professor at the University of Tehran, one of the pioneers of literary studies in modern Persia. A significant part of Forūzānfar’s scholarship was devoted to Rūmī and his associates; other works cover Islamic mysticism and philosophy.
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FOTOWWA
Cross-reference
See JAVĀNMARDĪ.
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FOTŪḤ AL-SALĀṮĪN
Cross-reference
Work by Indo-Muslim poet ʿAbd-al-Malek ʿEṣāmi. See ʿEṢAMI, ʿABD-AL-MALEK.
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FOUCHER, ALFRED
François de Blois
(1865-1952), the first head of the French Archaeological Mission in Afghanistan (see DÉLÉGATIONS ARCHÉOLOGIQUES FRANÇAISES, ii.) and a noted scholar on Grœco-Buddhist art.
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FOUNDATIONS
Cross-reference
See under individual entries, such as BONYĀD-E FARHANG-E ĪRĀN; BONYĀD-E ŠAHĪD; BONYĀD-E ŠĀH-NĀMA-YE FERDOWSĪ.
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FOWAṬĪ, HEŠĀM
Josef van Ess
b. ʿAMR (d. Baghdad, ca. 845), Muʿtazilite theologian of Basran affiliation and student of Abu’l-Hoḏayl.
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FOX i. NATURAL HISTORY
Steven C. Anderson
small member of the dog family (Canidae). They occur throughout most of the world, with four species in Iran and Afghanistan, i. NATURAL HISTORY.
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FOX ii. IN PERSIA
Mahmoud and Teresa Omidsalar
In pre-Islamic Iran, the fox was considered as one of the ten varieties of dog, created against a demon called xabag dēw. In Islam, although consuming fox flesh is forbidden by most schools of law, medicinal use of various parts of the fox’s body is allowed for treatment of a variety of conditions.
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FOŻŪLĪ, MOḤAMMAD
Eir
b. Solaymān (ca. 1480-1556), widely regarded as the greatest lyric poet in Azerbayjani Turkish, who also wrote extensively in Arabic and Persian.
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FRĀDA
Muhammad A. Dandamayev
a sixth century Margian leader.