Table of Contents

  • FRAHANG Ī OĪM

    William W. Malandra

    an Avestan-Pahlavi glossary so named after its first entry, Av. oīm glossed by Pahl. ēwag, though the work is introduced with the lengthy title: “On the understanding of the speech and words of the Avesta, namely, what and how its zand is.”

  • FRAHANG Ī PAHLAWĪG

    D. N. MacKenzie

    lit. “a Pahlavi dictionary,” is rather a description than the title of an anonymous glossary of some five hundred mostly Aramaic heterograms (ideograms), in the form used by Zoroastrians in writing Middle Persian (Book Pahlavi), each explained by a “phonetic” writing of the corresponding Persian word.

  • FRAMADĀR

    Marie-Louise Chaumont

    or FRAMĀTĀR; a Sasanian administrative title.

  • FRANCE

    Multiple Authors

    Relations with Iran.

  • FRANCE i. Introduction

    Jean Calmard

    Compared to the long-standing history of Persian civilization, France emerged as a powerful entity endowed with its own distinctive culture only in the 13th century C.E., i.e. the great century of Christianity.

  • FRANCE ii. RELATIONS WITH PERSIA TO 1789

    Jean Calmard

    In the early Middle Ages, Persia was perceived by the French mostly through biblical, Greek, and Latin sources.

  • FRANCE iii. RELATIONS WITH PERSIA 1789-1918

    Florence Hellot-Bellier

    After more than sixty years of half-hearted diplomatic maneuverings, permanent relations were finally established between the France and Persia in 1855.

  • FRANCE iv. RELATIONS WITH PERSIA SINCE 1918

    Marie-Louise Chaumont

    During the First World War, France, unlike England, Russia, Germany, and the Ottoman Empire, had no direct strategic interests in Persia.

  • FRANCE v. ADMINISTRATIVE AND MILITARY CONTACTS WITH PERSIA

    Massoud Farnoud

    The motives for Franco-Persian administrative and military contacts between the French Revolution of 1789 and the Persian Constitutional Revolution of 1906, their implementation and their impact on Persia will be examined here.

  • FRANCE vi. PERSIA AND THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

    Mohammad Tavakoli-Targhi

    Persians saw the French Revolution as sedition (fetna), corruption (fesād), a general disturbance by the populace (balwā-ye ʿāmm), insurrection (šūreš), the great revolution (enqelāb-e ʿaẓīm), and the great revolution (enqelāb-e kabīr).

  • FRANCE vii. FRENCH TRAVELERS IN PERSIA, 1600-1730

    Anne-Marie Touzard

    While the Italian cities and Spain entered into diplomatic relations with Persia at an early date, this was not true of France, despite an abortive attempt—the dispatch in 1626 of Louis Deshayes de Courmenin to the court of Shah ʿAbbās I. The early 17th century also witnessed the great missionary upsurge in France.

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  • FRANCE viii. TRAVELOGUES OF THE 18TH-20TH CENTURIES

    Nader Nasiri-Moghaddam

    On the reign of Nāder Shah (1736-1747), accounts by missionaries, notably those by the Jesuit Père Louis Bazin, chief physician to Nāder Shah from 1746 until the latter’s assassination, form useful complements to the Persian sources.

  • FRANCE ix. IMAGE OF PERSIA AND PERSIAN LITERATURE AMONG FRENCH AUTHORS

    J. Duchesne-Guillemin

    France used Persia as a means of social, political, and religious self-criticism, and they were interested in Zoroastrianism as “the most ancient religion."

  • FRANCE x. FRENCH LITERATURE IN PERSIA

    Christophe Balay

    The new trends in Persian literature in the beginning of the 20th century are closely related to social and political changes which began in Persia under Nāṣer-al-Dīn Shah (1848-96), and brought about the Constitutional Revolution of 1905-11.

  • FRANCE xi. PERSIAN ART AND ART COLLECTIONS IN FRANCE

    Yves Porter

    French collections, both public and private, contain hundreds of Persian works of art. Some of these reached France during the Middle Ages, notably after the Crusades, but most of the great collections containing Persian art were created during the second half of the 19th century.

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  • FRANCE xii(a). IRANIAN STUDIES IN FRANCE: OVERVIEW

    Vincent Hachard and Bernard Hourcade

    The genuine beginning of Persian studies in France began with the foundation in Istanbul and Smyrna (Izmir) of a “School of languages for the young” in 1669 to train translators of Ottoman Turkish for French consulates.

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  • FRANCE xii(b). IRANIAN STUDIES IN FRANCE: PRE-ISLAMIC PERIOD

    Philippe Gignoux

    The French contribution to pre-Islamic Iranian studies, both in philological studies and archeology, has been considerable.

  • FRANCE xii(c). IRANIAN STUDIES IN FRANCE: SOCIAL SCIENCES AND MODERN PERSIA

    Bernard Hourcade

    The history of French scholarship on modern Persia particularly in the field of social sciences was shaped by major external factors including the overall political relationship between the two countries and the radical changes which took place in the French university system and the organization of its scholarly missions to Persia in the latter half of this century.

  • FRANCE xiii. INSTITUT FRANÇAIS DE RECHERCHE EN IRAN

    R. Boucharlat

    The Institut français de recherche en Iran (IFRI) was established in its present form and under the above name in l983, although in Persia it is usually referred to as Anjoman-e īrān-šenāsī-e farānsa dar Īrān.

  • FRANCE xiv. FRENCH ARCHAEOLOGICAL MISSION

    Cross-reference

    See DÉLÉGATIONS ARCHÉOLOGIQUES FRANÇAISES i.