Table of Contents

• FIREARMS i. HISTORY

  Rudi Matthee

  While the traditional belief that firearms were first introduced to Persia under Shah ʿAbbās I was discredited long ago, the exact date remains uncertain. Terms hinting at firearms occur in late 14th-century Timurid chronicles, but it is unclear whether these mean mangonels projecting stones and inflammable naphtha or real cannon.

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• FIREARMS ii. PRODUCTION OF CANNON AND MUSKETS

  Parviz Mohebbi

  It is now known that some fifty cannons were made in Persia between 1514 and 1523, during the reign of Shah Esmāʿīl I, following an Ottoman model. By the last quarter of the 16th century, cannon-making was so common that cannons were constructed even on the spot during siege operations.

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• FIRMAN

  Cross-Reference

  See FARMĀN.

• FĪRŪZ

  Klaus Schippmann

  (PĒRŌZ) Sasanian king (r. 459-84), son of Yazdegerd II (r. 439-57). 

• FĪRŪZ BAHRĀM

  Fariborz Majīdī and Hūšang Etteḥād

  one of Tehran’s oldest high schools, founded by Parsi philanthropist Bahramji Bikaji as a memorial to his son Fīrūz, who was lost at sea in the Mediterranean in 1915. Bikaji’s initial plan was to build an elementary school in

• FĪRŪZ MAŠREQĪ

  Aḥmad Edāračī Gīlānī

  (or Pīrūz; not Mošrefī as in Majmaʿ al-foṣaḥāʾ, p. 946), poet at the court of the Saffarids Yaʿqūb b. Layṯ (r. 867-78) and his brother ʿAmr b. Layṯ.

• FĪRŪZ MĪRZA

  Cross-reference

  (1817-1886), sixteenth son of ʿAbbās Mīrzā and grandson of Fatḥ-ʿAlī Shah. See FARMĀNFARMĀ, FĪRŪZ MĪRZĀ.

• FĪRŪZ ŠĀPŪR

  Cross-reference

  name of a town on the left bank of the Euphrates five km north-west of Fallūǰa and sixty-two km west of Baghdad. See ANBĀR.

• FIRUZ, MARYAM

  Maziar Behrooz

  political activist, feminist activist, and author.

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• FĪRŪZA

  Cross-reference

  See TURQUOISE.

• FĪRŪZĀBĀD

  Dietrich Huff

  town and district (šahrestān) in Fārs, about 110 km south of Shiraz. The town has an altitude of ca. 1,300 m and geographical coordinates of latitude 28°50´ N, long 52° E, alt ca. 1,300. m

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• FĪRŪZĀBĀDĪ, ABŪ ṬĀHER MOḤAMMAD

  Cross-reference

  See Supplement.

• FĪRŪZKŪH

  Bernard Hourcade

  name of two towns: (1) a fortified city in the medieval Islamic province of Ḡūr in Central Afghanistan, which was the capital of the senior branch of the Ghurid sultans (see GHURIDS) for some sixty years in the later 6th/12th and 7th/13th centuries; (2) fortress and surrounding settlement in the Damāvand region of the Alborz mountains in northern Persia.

• FĪRŪZŠĀH-NĀMA

  William L. Hanaway

  pre-Safavid prose romance, the hero of which is Fīrūzšāh, son of Dārāb of the Kayanid house. 

• FISCAL SYSTEM

  Multiple Authors

  i. Achaemenid Period. ii. Sasanian Period. iii. Islamic Period. iv. Safavid and Qajar Periods. v. Pahlavi Period. vi. Islamic Republic..

• FISCAL SYSTEM i. ACHAEMENID, ii. SASANIAN

  Mohammad A. Dandamayev, Rika Gyselen

  There probably was no clear distinction between state and royal incomes in the Achaemenid empire. All state receipts were considered royal property, as was the income from the king’s estates. Beginning from ca. 519 B.C.E., when Darius I established a new tax system, the peoples subject to the Persians paid 7,740 Babylonian talents of silver (i.e., 232,200 kg) a year.

• FISCAL SYSTEM iii. ISLAMIC PERIOD

  JÜRGEN PAUL

  iii. ISLAMIC PERIOD Such a system can be studied in at least three aspects: First, its relationship to the ruler or the government; second, its relationship to those groups in the population who serve as sources of revenue (“taxpayers”);

• FISCAL SYSTEM iv. SAFAVID AND QAJAR PERIODS

  Willem Floor

  iv. SAFAVID AND QAJAR PERIODS The Safavid shah’s fiscal prerogatives were expressed by terms like bājgoḏār, bājsetān, and jezyagoḏār (tax assessor or tax taker).

• FISCAL SYSTEM v. PAHLAVI PERIOD

  MASSOUD KARSHENAS

  The first attempts at setting up a modern fiscal system in Persian began after the Constitutional Revolution.

• FISCAL SYSTEM vi. ISLAMIC REPUBLIC

  Adnan Mazarei

  The receipt of large revenues from oil exports and their expenditure for developing various sectors of the economy, improving infrastructure, and providing social services have made the government’s fiscal policies a major determinant of the overall economic incentives, structure and level of economic activity.