Table of Contents
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CASTOREUM
cross-reference
See BEAVER.
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CASTRATION
Lutz Richter-Bernburg
(of men; ḵaṣī kardan, ḵāya kešīdan, ḵᵛāja kardan), discussion of castration in Islamic medical literature, on its legal status, and on its historical attestation in Islamic Persia.
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CAT I. In Mythology and Folklore
Mahmud Omidsalar
Cats are not mentioned in literary Persian sources until late Sasanian times. In Zoroastrian mythology the cat (gurbag) is said to have been created by the Evil Spirit, and in the Pahlavi texts it is classed in the much despised “wolf species.”
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CAT II. Persian Cat
Jean-Pierre Digard
In western Europe and in North America, what are called “Persian cats” are a breed of longhaired domestic cats with a massive body, measuring 40 to 50 cm in length, and up to 30 cm in the height of their withers. According to the standards, these cats must present a strong bone structure, important muscular masses, and short, straight paws.
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CATALOGUES
Cross-reference
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CATECHISMS
Philip G. Kreyenbroek
treatises for instruction in the fundamental tenets of a religious faith, cast in the form of questions and answers.
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CATHARS, ALBIGENSIANS, and BOGOMILS
J. L M. van Schaik
Manichaeism is said to have been passed via the Paulicians and the Bogomils to re-emerge in the European Cathars but this supposed historical transmission is difficult to demonstrate.
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ČATR
Eleanor Sims
parasol or umbrella, an attribute of royalty in Iran.
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CATTLE
Jean-Pierre Digard, Mary Boyce
the word “cattle” has no precise equivalent in Iranian languages, in which bovines are commonly designated by the words for “cow,” “bull,” and “calf."
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CAUCASUS AND IRAN
Multiple Authors
CAUCASUS AND IRAN. The Iranian world is bordered in the northwest by the high mountain barrier of the Caucasus, which separates it from the vast Russian plains beyond. In relief, structure, and ecology the Caucasus constitutes a clear frontier between eastern Europe and western Asia, though it is more closely related to the latter.
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CAUCASUS i. Physical Geography, Population, and Economy.
Pierre Thorez
The northern side of the range consists of a series of monoclinal folds, in the form of cuestas, with escarpments facing toward the main chain and the more gradual back slopes fanning out into plateaus of varying sizes, all inclining toward the north.
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CAUCASUS ii. Language contact
Fridrik Thordarson
Languages of the Caucasus. Including Caucasian (or Ibero-Caucasian), Turkic, Indo-European, Iranian languages, Kurdish, Tati, Ṭāleši, Ossetic, and others.
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CAUCASUS, iii. ACHAEMENID RULE IN
Bruno Jacobs
Achaemenid rule in the Caucasus region was established, at the latest, in the course of the Scythian campaign of Darius I in 513-12 BCE.
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CAUTES AND CAUTOPATES
William W. Malandra
the two dadophoroi or torch bearers who often flank Mithras in the bull-slaying scene and who are sometimes shown in the birth scenes of Mithras.
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ČĀV
Peter Jackson
paper currency issued in Mongol Iran in 693/1294.
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CAVALRY
Cross-Reference
See ASB; ASB-SAVĀRĪ.
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CAVES OF THE THOUSAND BUDDHAS
Xin-jiang Rong
Ch’ien Fo Tung (Qianfodong), a large group of grottoes and cave temples carved out of Ming-sha hill in the southeastern Tun-huang (Dunhuang) district of Kansu (Gansu) province, China.
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CAVIAR
Hūšang Aʿlam
ḵāvīar in Persian, the processed non-fertilized roe of sturgeons and some other large fishes, highly valued as a gourmet delicacy. In Iran the roe for caviar is obtained mainly from three species of sturgeon (family Acipenseridae) caught in the southern littoral or fluvial waters of the Caspian Sea.
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ČĀVOŠ
Ḡolām-Ḥosayn Yūsofī
or ČĀVŪŠ, used in classical Persian texts with the meanings of 1. army commander; 2. master of ceremony or person in charge of the servants; 3. caravan leader; or, more specifically, 4. a guide on the road to Mecca or holy shrines.
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ČAXRĀ
Cross-Reference
town mentioned in the Avesta. See ČARḴ.