Table of Contents

• CARDAMOM

  Hūšang Aʿlam

  hel in modern Persian (from Skt. elā), the aromatic seeds of several plants of the family Zingiberaceae.

• CARDINAL POINTS

  Cross-Reference

  See BĀḴTAR.

• CARDUCHI

  Muhammad Dandamayev

  warlike tribes that in antiquity occupied the hilly country along the upper Tigris near the Assyrian and Median borders, in present-day western Kurdistan.

• ČARḠ

  Cross-Reference

  See BĀZ.

• CARIA

  Michael Weiskopf

  in the area of southwestern Turkey, under Achaemenid rule first as a part of the satrapy of Sparda (Lydia; 540s-390s B.C.), then as a separate satrapy (390s-30s B.C.) under the Hecatomnid family, whose prominence and self-promotion created a number of mostly Greek epigraphic documents detailing the development of 4th-century Caria.

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• ČĀRĪKĀR

  Daniel Balland

  main town of Kōhdāman and the administrative capital of the Afghan province of Parwān, located about 63 km north of Kabul. Throughout history there has been an important urban center at the northern end of the long Kōhdāman depression.

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• ČĀRJŪY

  Cross-reference

  See ĀMOL.

• ČARḴ

  Daniel Balland

  a common toponym all over the Iranian world.

• ČARḴ-E ČĀH

  Nāṣer Ḡolām-Reżāʾī

  (lit. “well wheel”),  a device for drawing water from a well or river or for removing soil during the excavation of a well. It is a type of windlass, consisting of a hollow horizontal cylinder around which a rope is coiled or uncoiled to raise or lower a bucket attached to the end. Formerly they were common features of Iranian gardens and courtyards in regions where the absence of qanāts and running water made wells indispensable.

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• ČARKAS

  Beatrice Manz, Masashi Haneda

  (Cherkes), term used in Persian, Arabic, and Turkic for the Circassian people of the northwest Caucasus who call themselves Adygeĭ and speak a language of the Abazgo-Circassian branch of Caucasian (see caucasian languages).

• ČARḴĪ, Mawlānā Yaʿqūb

  Hamid Algar

  an early shaikh of the Naqšbandī order and author of several works in Persian (d. 851/1447).

• ČARM

  Willem M. Floor

  (Av. čarəman-, OPers. čarman-, Khot. tcārman-, etc.), skin, hide, and leather, which have had a variety of uses in Persia.

• CARMANIA

  Rüdiger Schmitt

  ancient region east of Fārs province, approximately equivalent to modern Kermān. The Old Persian form is attested only once in inscriptions.

• CARMATIANS

  Farhad Daftary

  (Ar. Qarāmeṭa; sing. Qarmaṭī), the name given to the adherents of a branch of the Ismaʿili movement during the 3rd/9th century.

• CARMELITES IN PERSIA

  Francis Richard

  in 1604 Pope Clement VIII, with the support of Sigismund III Vasa of Poland, dispatched a mission of Discalced Carmelite fathers to Persia; the embassy represented the culmination of a policy of seeking alliances against the Ottoman empire that had been initiated by Pius V when he had attempted to formalize relations with Shah Ṭahmāsb.

• ČĀROḠ

  Cross-Reference

  or čāroq, etc. See CLOTHING xx, xxv, xxviii.

• CARPETS

  Multiple Authors

  (qālī; Ar. and Pers. farš), heavy textiles used as coverings for floors, walls, and other large surfaces, as well as for various kinds of furnishing.

• CARPETS i. Introductory survey

  Roger Savory

  the history of Persian carpet manufacture.

• CARPETS ii. Raw materials and dyes

  Jasleen Dhamija

  for centuries Persian carpet weaving has depended primarily on local materials processed by traditional traditional techniques. Such materials include sheep wool, camel hair, goat hair, and natural dyes. This article discusses use and preparation of dyes and materials used to make carpets.

• CARPETS iii. Knotted-pile carpets: Techniques and structures

  Annette Ittig

  The techniques of carpet making are the processes of weaving, knotting, and finishing; structure is the complex of interrelations among the elements of the finished carpet. One of the major problems in carpet studies is the lack of a standard terminology to describe specific techniques, structures, and designs.

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