Table of Contents
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CENTRAL ASIA xiv. Turkish-Iranian Language Contacts
Gerhard Doerfer
Three Turkish languages came together in Central Asia, the territory covered by the modern Turkmen, Uzbek, Kazakh, Kirghiz, and Tajik SSRs, excluding Chinese Turkestan: 1. the Uighur or Eastern Turks, 2. the Oghuz, speaking Khorasani Turkish, 3. and the Kipchaks
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CENTRAL ASIA xv. Modern Literature
Keith Hitchins
Central Asian literatures in the twentieth century have developed under diverse influences. Beside classical and modern Persian literature and the poetic traditions and folklore of the Central Asian peoples themselves, Russian thought and letters have been predominant.
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CENTRAL ASIA xvi. Music
Walter Feldman
In modern times Central Asia as a musicological unit can be defined as the area extending from Afghanistan north of the Hindu Kush, all of Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan in the west, Kirgizia and Chinese Turkestan in the east, and Kazakhstan in the north.
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CENTRAL DIALECTS
Gernot L. Windfuhr
designation of a number of Iranian dialects spoken in the center of Persia, roughly between Hamadān, Isfahan, Yazd, and Tehran, that is, the area of ancient Media Major, which constitute the core of the western Iranian dialects.
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CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
Mark J. Gasiorowski
When the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) was established in September 1947, its predecessors had been operating in Persia for a number of years.
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CENTRAL TREATY ORGANIZATION
Joseph A. Kechichian
(CENTO), a mutual defense and economic cooperation pact among Persia, Turkey, and Pakistan, with the participation of the United Kingdom and the United States as associate members.
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ČERĀḠ
Mahmoud Omidsalar
lamps. Various kinds of lamps were used in Persia before the introduction of electric light. The simplest and cheapest was the čerāḡ-e mūšī “mouse lamp,” so called probably because of its small size and poor light.
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ČERĀḠ KHAN ZĀHEDĪ
Roger M. Savory
b. Shaikh Šarīf, a descendant of Shaikh Zāhed Gīlānī, the celebrated moršed (spiritual director) of Shaikh Ṣafī-al-Dīn, the eponymous founder of the Safavid order (Ṣafawīya); hence Čerāḡ Khan was also known as Pīrzāda.
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ČERĀḠ-ʿALĪ KHAN SERĀJ-AL-MOLK ZANGANA
Denis M. MacEoin
(d. after 1281/1864-65), a leading government official during the early reign of Nāṣer-al-Dīn Shah.
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ČERĀḠ-E DEHLĪ
Sharif Husain Qasemi
(b. at Avadh, ca. 675/1276-77; d. at Delhi, 18 Ramażān 757/14 September 1356), the title of Shaikh Naṣīr-al-Dīn Maḥmūd, the last of the five great early saints of the Indian Češtī order (see češtīya).
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ČERĀḠ-E HEDĀYAT
J. R. Perry
(“lamp of guidance”), a monolingual Persian dictionary by the Indo-Muslim poet and scholar Serāj-al-Din ʿAli Khan Ārzu.
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ČERĀḠĀNĪ
Mahmoud Omidsalar
(also čerāḡān, čerāḡbānī, čerāḡbārān), the decoration of buildings and open spaces with lights during festivals and on occasions like weddings, coronations, royal birthdays, circumcision ceremonies, and so on.
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ČERĀḠHĀ RĀ MAN ḴĀMUŠ MIKONAM
Elham Gheytanchi
(I turn off the lights, Tehran, 2001), the first and most acclaimed novel by Zoya Pirzad (Zoyā Pirzād, b. Abadan, 1952), and the second to be penned by an Iranian-Armenian writer, after Ālice Ārezumāniān’s Hama az yek (All from one,Tehran, 1963).
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ČERĀM
Pierre Oberling
or ČORŪM, a small tribal confederacy (īl) inhabiting the dehestān of Čerām, in the Kūhgīlūya region, in southwestern Persia.
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CERAMICS
Multiple Authors
Ceramics in Persia from the Neolithic period to the 19th century.
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CERAMICS i. The Neolithic Period through the Bronze Age in Northeastern and North-central Persia
Robert H. Dyson
The ceramic tradition of northeastern Persia developed in parallel but distinct sequences in the Gorgān lowlands and the Dāmḡān highlands, including the parts of the Atrak region adjacent to both.
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CERAMICS ii. The Neolithic Period in Northwestern Persia
Mary M. Voigt
The initial occupation of Persian Azerbaijan by farming groups took place in the second half of the 7th millennium B.C.E. The best known site of this period is Hajji Firuz (Ḥājī Fīrūz) Tepe, located in the Ošnū-Soldūz valley and approximately contemporary with Hasanlu X (ca. 6000-5000 B.C.E.).
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CERAMICS iii. The Neolithic Period in Central and Western Persia
Peder Mortensen
Present knowledge is based primarily on evidence from three excavated sites and from surveys carried out southwest of Harsīn, on the Māhīdašt plain, and in the Holaylān valley.
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CERAMICS iv. The Chalcolithic Period in the Zagros Highlands
Elizabeth F. Henrickson
The Zagros Chalcolithic may be divided into Early, Middle, and Late subperiods. Within each several distinctive regional assemblages are known in varying archeological detail.
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CERAMICS v. The Chalcolithic Period in Southern Persia
Thomas W. Beale
The most fully excavated corpus of ceramics from the Chalcolithic of southern Persia comes from Tal-i Iblis and Tepe Yahya. Extensive surface collections by Sir Mark Aurel Stein in Baluchistan and more recently have provided important supplementary material.
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