Table of Contents

• ĀŠPAZĪ

  B. Fragner

  "cooking." The history of food consumption in Iran is primarily part of the history of agriculture and stockbreeding on the Iranian plateau.

• ASPBED

  M. L. Chaumont

  “master of horses, chief of cavalry,” Parthian title attested in the Nisa documents and the inscription of Šāpūr I on the Kaʿba-ye Zardošt.

• ASPET

  C. Toumanoff

  Armenian title.

• ʿAṢR-E ENQELĀB

  N. Parvīn

  a journal of news and political comment published at Tehran in 1333-1915.

• ʿAṢR-E JADĪD

  N. Parvīn

  (New era), the name of several journals and a magazine published in Iran at various times.

• ĀŠRAF GĪLĀNĪ

  M. Rahman

  (1870-1934), poet and leading journalist of the Constitutional era.

• ĀŠRAF ḠILZAY

  D. Balland

  the Afghan chief who ruled as Shah over part of Iran from 1137/1725 to 1142/1729.

• ĀŠRAF

  Cross-Reference

  town in Māzandarān. See BEHŠAHR.

• ĀŠRAF-ʿALĪ KHAN FOḠĀN

  M. Baqir

  (or FEḠĀN), poet writing in Persian and Urdu (1140-86/1727-72).

• ĀŠRAFI

  B. Fragner

  term used from the mid-15th century for a gold coin first minted in Mamluk Egypt in 810/1407-08.

• ĀŠRAFĪ

  A. Hairi

  religious leader, born sometime before 1235/1819 and died 1315/1897-98.

• ASRĀR AL-ḤEKAM

  M. Moḥaqqeq

  the title of a book written for Nāṣer-al-dīn Shah Qāǰār, by the philosopher Ḥāǰǰ Mollā Hādī Sabzavāri (1212-89/1797-1872).

• ASRĀR AL-TAWḤĪD

  H. Algar

   principal source for the life and teachings of the well-known mystic of Khorasan, Abū Saʿid b. Abi’l-Ḵayr (b. 357/967, d. 440/1049).

• ĀSRĒŠTĀR

  P. O. Skjærvø

  in Middle Persian Manichean texts a kind of demons, often associated with the mazans.

• ĀSRŌN

  EIr

  Middle Persian form of Avestan āθravan.

• ʿAṢṢĀR TABRĪZĪ

  Z. Safa

  poet, scholar, and mystic of the 8th/14th century.

• ʿAṢṢĀR, Sayyed MOḤAMMAD-KĀẒEM

  Ahmad Kazemi Mousavi and EIr

  (b. 1302/1884-85; d. Tehran, 19 Dey 1353 Š./9 January 1975), outstanding Shiʿite scholar and professor of philosophy at the University of Tehran.

• ASSARHADDON

  J. A. Delaunay

  king of Assyria 680-69 B.C., son of Sennacherib and the Arameo-Babylonian princess Zakūtu.

• ASSASSINS

  Cross-Reference

  (Ar. Ḥaššāšin), pejorative name given to Neẓāri Ismaʿilis by their adversaries during the Middle Ages. See ISMAʿILISM iii. History.

• AŠŠURBANIPAL

  J. A. Delaunay

  king of Assyria 666-25 BCE.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• ASSYRIA

  M. Dandamayev and È. Grantovskiĭ, M. Dandamayev, K. Schippmann

  i. The Kingdom of Assyria and its relations with Iran. ii. Achaemenid Aθurā. iii. Parthian Assur.

• ASSYRIANS IN IRAN

  R. Macuch, A. Ishaya

  Assyrians (Āšūrīs) is the term for the modern, East Syrian Christian communities in Iran. 

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• ASTABED

  M. L. Chaumont

  The word astabid occurs in two Syriac texts as the title of a high-ranking Iranian officer and is applied to three different individuals.

• ĀŠTĀD

  G. Gnoli

  Old Iranian female deity of rectitude and justice.

• ĀŠTĀD YAŠT

  P. O. Skjærvø

  Yt. 18, though dedicated to Aštād, the goddess of rectitude, does not mention her.

• ĀSTĀN-E QODS-E RAŻAWĪ

  ʿA.-Ḥ. Mawlawī, M. T.Moṣṭafawī, and E. Šakūrzāda

  the complex of buildings surrounding the tomb of the Imam ʿAlī al-Reżā at Mašhad.

• ĀSTĀNA

  Eckart Ehlers, Marcel Bazin, and Christian Bromberger

  a township and a district of Lāhīǰān in the province of Gīlān.

• ĀSTĀRĀ

  M. Bazin

  a town and a district in the Ṭāleš region on the Caspian coast.

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• ASTARĀBĀD

  C. E. Bosworth, S. Blair

  (or ESTERĀBĀD), the older Islamic name for the modern town of Gorgān in northeastern Iran, and also the name of an administrative province in Qajar times.

• ASTARĀBĀD BAY

  E. Ehlers

  a lagoon in the extreme southeastern corner of the Caspian Sea.

• ASTARĀBĀD-ARDAŠĪR

  Cross-Reference

  See KARḴ MAYSĀN.

• ASTARĀBĀDĪ, ʿABD-AL-JABBĀR

  Cross-Reference

  See ʿABD-AL-JABBĀR ASTARĀBĀDĪ.

• ASTARĀBĀDĪ, FAŻLALLĀH

  H. Algar

  (d. 796/1394), founder of the Ḥorūfī religion.

• ASTARĀBĀDĪ, MAHDĪ KHAN

  J. R. Perry

  court secretary and historiographer to Nāder Shah Afšār (r. 1148-60/1736-47).

• ASTARĀBĀDĪ, MOḤAMMAD AMĪN

  E. Kohlberg

   founder of the 17th-century Aḵbārī school.

• AŠTARAK

  KAMRAN EKBAL

  a village in the Ābārān district about six miles northwest of Yerevan (Iravān) in a mountainous region of the Caucasus.

• ĀŠTARJĀN

  R. Hillenbrand

  (OŠTORJĀN), name of a subdistrict (dehestān) and its chief village, lying southwest of Isfahan.

• ĀSTARKĪ

  J. Qāʾem-Maqāmī

  (or AŠTARKĪ), one sub-tribe of the six which presently constitute the Dūrkī tribe of the Haft Lang confederation of the Baḵtīārī people.

• ASTAUENE

  Gorgān

  Parthian province to the north of Hyrcania (Gorgān). See OSTOVĀ.

• ĀŠTĪĀN

  C. E. Bosworth

  the name both of an administrative subdistrict (dehestān) and its chef-lieu in the First Province (ostān).

• ĀŠTĪĀNI

  E. Yarshater

  the dialect of Āštīān, belongs to the group of “Central” dialects spoken in Kashan and Isfahan provinces and some adjacent areas.

• ĀŠTĪĀNĪ, ḤASAN

  H. Algar

  (d. 1319/1901), late 19-century moǰtahed who played an important role in the campaign against the tobacco concession of 1309/1891.

• ĀŠTĪĀNĪ, MAHDĪ

  H. Algar

  known as Mīrzā Kūček (1306-1372/1888-89 to 1952-53), a scholar who excelled in both the traditional (manqūl) and rational (maʿqūl) sciences.

• ĀŠTIŠAT

  M. Van Esbroeck

  religious center of pagan Armenia and first official Christian see.

• ASTŌDĀN

  A. Sh. Shahbazi

  “bone-receptacle, ossuary.” The term has an important place in the vocabulary of ancient Iranian funerary rites.

• ASṬORLĀB

  D. Pingree

  (or OSṬORLĀB), astrolabe, an instrument used in astronomy for a variety of purposes, e.g., demonstration and solution of problems in spherics, measuring altitudes, and telling time.

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• ASTRAKHAN

  B. Spuler

  a town (Russian since 1556) on the river Volga.

• ASTROLABE

  Cross-Reference

  See ASṬORLĀB.

• ASTROLOGY AND ASTRONOMY IN IRAN

  D. Pingree, C. J. Brunner

  i. History of astronomy in Iran. ii. Astronomy and astrology in the Sasanian period. iii. Astrology in Islamic times.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• ASTVAṰ.ƎRƎTA

  M. Boyce

  the Avestan name of the Saošyant, the future Savior of Zoroastrianism.