Table of Contents
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ASFĀNŪR
Cross-Reference
See MADĀʾEN.
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ASFĀR AL-ARBAʿA
F. Rahman
(The four journeys), title of the magnum opus of Mollā Ṣadrā (d. 1050/1641).
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ASFĀR B. ŠĪRŪYA
C. E. Bosworth
early 10th-century military leader during the period of Samanid expansion.
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ASFEZĀR
C. E. Bosworth
(or ASFŌZAR), designation of a district (kūra) and later its chief town in the Herat quarter of Khorasan.
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ASFEZĀRĪ, ABŪ ḤĀTEM
D. Pingree
5th/12th-century astronomer, of whose life almost nothing is known.
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ASFĪJĀB
C. E. Bosworth
(or ASBĪJĀB, ESBĪJĀB) a town and district of medieval Transoxania.
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ASHKHABAD
B. Spuler
(Russian; Persian ʿEšqābād), since the Soviet period the capital of Turkmenistan.
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ASHRAF, GHODSIEH
Mahnaze A. da Silveira
Throughout her life, Ghodsieh Ashraf repeatedly observed, not without pride, that her material belongings could be packed into one suitcase. Though she may not have been an easy taskmaster, she was served by an unflagging joie de vivre and cut a figure distinct from the traditional models of her times.
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AŠI
B. Schlerath, P. O. Skjærvø
Avestan feminine noun meaning “thing attained, reward, share, portion, recompense” and, as a personification, the goddess “Reward, Fortune.”
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ĀSĪĀ (or āsīāb, Mill)
M. Harverson
or āsīāb, "mill." Before World War II most grain ground to produce flour for the staple in the Iranian diet, bread, was processed by traditionally powered mills, principally watermills. Except in remote areas they have been replaced by diesel or electrically-driven mills, and old machinery has fallen derelict.
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Asia Institute
Richard N. Frye
founded in 1928 in New York City as the American Institute for Persian Art and Archaeology, incorporated 1930 in the state of New York and active in Shiraz 1965-79. In its affiliation, functions, and publications, the Institute has had a complicated and eventful career, illustrating some of the vicissitudes of Iranian studies during the twentieth century.
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ASIA INSTITUTE, BULLETIN OF THE
Richard N. Frye
originally Bulletin of the American Institute of Persian Art and Archaeology from July 1931; and the first issue was edited by Arthur Upham Pope, director of the Institute.
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ASIA MINOR
M. Weiskopf
Irano-Anatolian relations. The Iranians left their imprint above all on the art of governing.
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ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL
Cross-Reference
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ASII
F. Thordarson
(or ASIANI), an ancient nomadic people of Central Asia, who about 130 B.C. put an end to Greek rule in Bactria.
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ASINAEUS AND ANILAEUS
M. Smith
figure in Josephus’ Jewish Antiquities.
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ASĪR EṢFAHĀNĪ
K. Amīrī Fīrūzkūhī
a poet of the 11th/17th century (d. 1049/1639).
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ĀŠIRVĀD
M. F. Kanga
“blessing, benediction,” a set of prayers and admonitions recited by the two officiating Parsi priests in the Zoroastrian marriage ceremony.
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ʿASJADĪ
Dj. Khaleghi-Motlagh
a poet of the first half of the 5th/11th century.
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ASK SPRINGS
E. Ehlers
The Ask springs, like those in other places around the base of Damāvand, are as yet used only by the local inhabitants. It remains to be seen whether they would repay commercial development (in the form of spa baths, bottling plants, etc.).
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ĀŠKĀBĀD
Cross-Reference
See ASHKHABAD.
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AŠKĀNĪĀN
Cross-Reference
See ARSACIDS.
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ʿASKAR MOKRAM
C. E. Bosworth
a town of the medieval Islamic province of Ahvāz (Ḵūzestān) and also the name of the district of which it was the administrative center.
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ʿASKARĀN
KAMRAN EKBAL
village in Qarābāḡ about seven miles northeast of Stepanakert in the eastern Caucasus, where peace negotiations between Russia and Persia took place in 1225/1810.
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ʿASKARĪ
H. Halm
the 11th imam of the Twelver Shiʿites.
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ʿASKARĪ, ABŪ HELĀL
W. M. Watt
philologist and poet born about the middle of the 4th/10th century.
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ʿASKARĪ, ʿALĪ AL-HĀDĪ
Cross-Reference
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AŠKAŠ
Dj. Khaleghi-Motlagh
an Iranian hero in the reign of Kay Ḵosrow.
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AŠKBŌS
Dj. Khaleghi-Motlagh
a Turanian hero from Kašān or Košān in the story of “Kāmūs-e Kašānī,” in the Šāh-nāma.
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ASLAM, ABU’L-QĀSEM MOḤAMMAD
Cross-Reference
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ĀṢLĀNDŪZ
J. Qāʾem-Maqāmī
(or AṢLĀNDŪZ), a small village in the northeast of the Iranian province of East Azerbaijan.
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ĀSMĀN
A. Tafażżolī
(sky, heavens), in Zoroastrian cosmology the first part of the material (gētīg) world created by Ohrmazd.
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ASMĀR AL-ASRĀR
S. S. K. Hussaini
(Night-discourses of secrets), theosophical treatise in Persian composed by a 9th/15th century Češtī Sufi of India, Sayyed Moḥammad Ḥosaynī Gīsūdarāz (d. 825/1422), popularly known as Ḵᵛāǰa-ye Bandanavāz.
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ASMUSSEN, Jes Peter
Werner Sundermann
scholar of Iranian studies (1928-2002).
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AṢNĀF
W. M. Floor
the plural of ṣenf (class, kind category), collective designation of guilds in Iran since the 11th/17th century.
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ĀSNATAR
W. W. Malandra
one of the eight Zoroastrian priests (ratu) necessary for the performance of the yasna ritual.
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AŠŌ-DĀD
M. F. Kanga
Zoroastrian (Pazend) term for the remuneration to a priest for his services.
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ĀŠOFTA
N. Parvīn
a Persian magazine published in Tehran 1325 Š./1946-1336 Š./1957.
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ĀŠŌGAR
Cross-Reference
See AŠŌQAR.
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AŚOKA
J. G. De Casparis, G. Fussman, P. O. Skjærvø
Mauryan emperor of India (ca. 272-231 B.C.).
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ASOŁIK
Michel van Esbroeck
“the singer,” the usual name of Stephen of Tarōn.
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AŠŌQAR
EIr
in Syriac sources the name of a deity.
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ĀSŌRISTĀN
G. Widengren
name of the Sasanian province of Babylonia.
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ASP
Cross-Reference
See ASB.
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ASP-SAVĀRĪ
Cross-Reference
See ASB-SAVĀRĪ.
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ASPABAD
Cross-Reference
or ASPAPAT. See ASPBED.
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ASPAČANĀ
A. Sh. Shahbazi
a senior official under Darius the Great and Xerxes.
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ASPAND
Cross-Reference
See ESFAND.
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ASPARUKH
D. M. Lang
a Middle Iranian proper name attested in ancient Georgia and early medieval Bulgaria.
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ASPASII
C. J. Brunner
one of the tribal people encountered by Alexander the Great in Gandhāra, 327-26 B.C.