Table of Contents

• ASĀLEMI dialect

  Cross-Reference

  See ṬĀLEŠI.

• AṢAMM, ABU BAKR

  F. W. Zimmermann

  (d. 200/815-6 or 201/816-7), Muʿtazilite of Baṣra.

• ĀŠAQLŪN

  Cross-Reference

  Manichean demon. See ĀSRĒŠTĀR.

• AʿSAR, ʿALAWAYH ABU’L-ḤASAN ʿALĪ

  Cross-Reference

  See ʿALAWAYH AL-AʿSAR.

• ĀŠʿARĪ, ABŪ MŪSĀ

  Cross-Reference

  See ABŪ MŪSĀ AŠʿARĪ.

• AŠʿARĪ, ABU’L-ḤASAN

  C. E. Bosworth

  scholastic theologian (motakallem) and founder of the theological school of the Ašʿarīya.

• ĀŠʿARĪYA

  A. Heinen

  (or Asḥʿarism), an Islamic school of theological thought founded by Abu’l-Ḥasan Ašʿarī.

• ASĀS

  H. Halm

  “foundation, basis,” a degree of the Ismaʿili daʿwa hierarchy.

• ASĀṬĪR

  Cross-Reference

  See MYTHOLOGY.

• AŠAVAN (possessing Truth)

  G. Gnoli

  (Avestan), lit. “possessing truth (aša),”  referring to humans, Ahura Mazdā, and the divine or angelic entities.

• ASĀWERA

  C. E. Bosworth

  Arabic broken plural form of a singular oswār(ī), eswār(ī), early recognized by Arab philologists as a loanword from Persian meaning “cavalryman.”

• ʿAŠĀYER

  F. Towfīq

  “tribes” in Iran. 1. Definitions. 2. Historical background. 3. Population figures. 4. Territorial distribution: (a) Lor and Lak tribes; (b) Kurdish tribes; (c) Turkish tribes; (d) Arab tribes; (e) Baluch and Brahui tribes. 5. Organization. 6. Economy.

• ASB

  A. Sh. Shahbazi, F. Thordarson, ʿA. Solṭānī Gordfarāmarzī, C. E. Bosworth

  “horse.”  From the dawn of history the Iranians have celebrated the horse in their art and in their literature.  i. In pre-Islamic Iran.  ii. Among the Scythians.  iii. In Islamic times.  iv. In Afghanistan.

• ASB-SAVĀRĪ

  J.-P. Digard

  "horse-riding." The Iranian lands, in the course of their long history, have been the source of major advances in the techniques of equitation.

• ĀŠBANAKKUŠ

  M. Mayrhofer

  name of an Iranian in the Persepolis Fortification Tablets.

• ASBĀNBAR

  Cross-Reference

  See MADĀʾEN.

• ASBĪĀN

  cross-reference

  See ĀBTĪN.

• ĀŠEʿʿAT AL-LAMAʿĀT

  A. E. Khairallah

  (The rays of the flashes), a detailed commentary by Nūr-al-dīn ʿAbd-al-Raḥmān Jāmī (817/1414-898/1492).

• ʿĀṢEM EFENDĪ

  T. Yazici

  (1168/1755-1236/1819), an Ottoman Turkish linguist and chronicler.

• AŠƎM VOHŪ

  B. Schlerath

  the second of the four great prayers of the Zoroastrians, the others being: Ahuna vairyō (Y. 27.13), Yeŋˊhē hātąm (Y. 27.15), and Airyəˊmā išyō (Y. 54.1).