Table of Contents

• ARMIN

  Dj. Khaleghi-Motlagh

  the fourth son of Kay Qobād in certain texts of the Šāh-nāma.

• ARMINA

  Cross-Reference

  See ARMENIA AND IRAN i.

• ARMOR

  J. W. Allan

  The earliest armor fragments yet found in Iran come from the western part of the country and date from the late 2nd and early 1st millennium BCE.

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• ARMOR ii. In Eastern Iran

  Boris A. Litvinsky

  By the 6th, or even 7th, century BCE, the Scythian and Northern Caucasian nomads had formed a complete complex of defensive armor.

• ARMY

  Multiple Authors

  a survey from early pre-Islamic times to the mid-20th century.

• ARMY i. Pre-Islamic Iran

  A. Sh. Shahbazi

  materials for a study of pre-Islamic Iranian military concerns fall into four categories: textual evidence; archeological finds; documentary representations (on monuments and objects of art); and philological deductions. 

• ARMY ii. Islamic, to the Mongol period

  C. E. Bosworth

  Arab armies which overran Sasanian Iraq and Iran in the middle decades of the 7th century A.D. comprised essentially the levée en masse of the male, free Muslim Arab cavalrymen.

• ARMY iii. Safavid Period

  M. Haneda

  Shah Esmaʿil's army was comprised of tribal units, the majority of which were Turkmen, the remainder Kurds and Čaḡatāy.

• ARMY iv a. Qajar Period

  Stephanie Cronin

  at the end of the 18th century, the military forces of the first Qajar ruler Āḡā Moḥammad Khan (r. 1789-97) resembled those of preceding dynasties.

• ARMY iv. Afšar and Zand Periods

  J. R. Perry

  The composition of the army, its role in the state, and its effectiveness changed appreciably from late Safavid to early Qajar times. 

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• ARMY v. Pahlavi Period

  M. J. Sheikh-ol-Islami

  the achievement of Reżā Khan in building a modern military force is noteworthy, though the absence of an earlier development of military norms and institutions should not be exaggerated.

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• ARMY vi. In Afghanistan from 1919

  L. Dupree

  Using Turkish advisers, Amānallāh Khan (r. 1919-29)  unsuccessfully tried to create a nationalist-oriented army.

• ARNAVĀZ

  A. Sh. Shahbazi

  one of the mythical king Jamšēd’s sisters.

• ARNOLD, THOMAS WALKER

  B. W. Robinson

  , Sir (1864-1930), British orientalist.

• ARPA KHAN

  P. Jackson

  10th Il-khan of Iran (r. 736/1335-36).

• ARRAJĀN

  H. Gaube

  medieval city and province in southwestern Iran between Ḵūzestān and Fārs.

• ARRĀN

  C. E. Bosworth

  a region of eastern Transcaucasia.

• ARRIAN

  M. L. Chaumont

  Greek historian (2nd cent. A.D.).

• ARROWS in Eastern Iran

  Boris A. Litvinsky

  came in use along with the bow, and the two developed in parallel. In the Bronze Age in eastern Iran, metal arrowheads of bronze were widespread, while skillfully made stone arrowheads, inherited from the earlier period, remained in use. 

• ARSACIDS

  A. Sh. Shahbazi, K. Schippmann, M. Alram, M. Boyce, A. Sh. Shahbazi, A. Sh. Shahbazi, C. Toumanoff

   (Persian Aškānīān), Parthian dynasty which ruled Iran from ca. 250 B.C. to ca. 226 A.D.

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