Table of Contents
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ARNOLD, THOMAS WALKER
B. W. Robinson
Sir (1864-1930), British orientalist.
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ARPA KHAN
P. Jackson
10th Il-khan of Iran (r. 736/1335-36).
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ARRAJĀN
H. Gaube
medieval city and province in southwestern Iran between Ḵūzestān and Fārs.
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ARRĀN
C. E. Bosworth
a region of eastern Transcaucasia.
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ARRIAN
M. L. Chaumont
Greek historian (2nd cent. CE).
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ARROWS in Eastern Iran
Boris A. Litvinsky
came in use along with the bow, and the two developed in parallel. In the Bronze Age in eastern Iran, metal arrowheads of bronze were widespread, while skillfully made stone arrowheads, inherited from the earlier period, remained in use.
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ARSACIDS
Multiple Authors
(Persian Aškānīān), Parthian dynasty which ruled Iran from about 250 BCE to about 226 CE.
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ARSACIDS i. Origins
A. Sh. Shahbazi
The various accounts of the origins of Arsaces, the founder of the dynasty, reflect diverse developments over time in political ideologies.
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ARSACIDS ii. The Arsacid dynasty
K. Schippmann
The rise of the Arsacids is closely linked to the history of Seleucids, who lost large parts of their Iranian possessions within a period of roughly fifteen years.
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ARSACIDS iii. Arsacid Coinage
M. Alram
Coins minted in Iran under the Arsacids superseded Seleucid currency in the territories successively taken from the Seleucids. In essential denominations, iconography, and script, they are markedly Hellenistic, but they also show Iranian features.
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ARSACIDS iv. Arsacid religion
M. Boyce
It may reasonably be assumed that, at least from the time they seized power, the Arsacids were professed Zoroastrians.
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ARSACIDS v. The “Arsacid” era
EIr
As an indication of their imperial aspirations, the Parthians established their own dynastic era, beginning with the vernal equinox. The historicity of this era was proved by a Babylonian tablet equating the Seleucid year 208 with 144 of the Arsacid era.
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ARSACIDS vi. Arsacid chronology in traditional history
A. Sh. Shahbazi
The Parthian rule lasted 474 years, longer than any dynastic period in Iranian history, but post-Sasanian sources give various figures for the duration of the Arsacid rule.
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ARSACIDS vii. The Arsacid dynasty of Armenia
C. Toumanoff
Third dynasty of Armenia, from the first to the mid-fifth century. Arsacid rule brought about an intensification of the political and cultural influence of Iran in Armenia.
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ARSACIDS viii. Military Architecture Of Parthia
Krzysztof Jakubiak
In the western parts of the Parthian empire, i.e., in the Mesopotamian plain, military and defensive systems and fortifications developed under a clearly strong influence of earlier civilizations that had existed in the region.
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ARŠAK
Cross-Reference
See ARSACIDS.
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ARŠĀMA
E. Bresciani
name of several Achaemenid notables.
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ARSAMES
Cross-Reference
See ARŠĀMA.
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ARSANES
Cross-Reference
See NARSE.
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ARSANJĀN
C. E. Bosworth
a small town in Fārs on the northeastern fringes of the Zagros mountain massif.