Table of Contents

• AKBAR I

  F. Lehmann

  (949-1014/1542-1605), third and greatest of the Mughal emperors of India. 

• AKBAR KHAN ZAND

  J. R. Perry

  (d. 1196/1782), youngest son of Zakī Khan Zand.  

• AKBAR-NĀMA

  R. M. Eaton

  Official history of the reign of the Mughal Emperor Akbar (964-1015/1556-1605), including a statistical gazetteer of sixteenth century North India, compiled by Abu’l-Fażl ʿAllāmī.

• AḴBĀRĪ, MĪRZĀ MOḤAMMAD

  H. Algar

  A leading exponent of the Aḵbārī school of Islamic jurisprudence (feqh) and a violent polemicist against its opponents (1178-1233/1765-1818).

• AḴBĀRĪYA

  E. Kohlberg

  A school in Imamite Shiʿism which maintains that the traditions (aḵbār) of the Imams are the main source of religious knowledge, in contrast to the Oṣūlī school.

• AKES

  M. A. Dandamayev

  (Greek Akēs), a river in Central Asia, the modern Tejen or Harī-rūd (q.v.).

• AḴESTĀN

  Ż. Sajjādī

  a late 12th-century ruler of the Šervānšāh dynasty, patron of the poet Ḵāqānī Šervānī.

• AKHAVAN-E SALESS, MEHDI

  Saeid Rezvani

  prominent poet who holds a place of distinction between the followers of the rhymes and meters of classical Persian prosody and the modernists straining to free themselves from those constricting rules (1928-1990).

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• ʿAKKĀS-BĀŠĪ

  F. Gaffary

  photographer and pioneer motion-picture cameraman (1874-1915).

• AḴLĀQ

  F. Rahman

  “ethics” (plural form of ḵoloq “inborn character, moral character, moral virtue”).

• AḴLĀQ AL-AŠRĀF

  P. Sprachman

  (“The ethics of the aristocracy”), a satire composed in 740/1340-41, the most important work of ʿObayd Zākānī. 

• AḴLĀQ-E JALĀLĪ

  G. M. Wickens

  an “ethical” treatise in Persian by Moḥammad b. Asʿad Jalāl-al-dīn Davāni (15th century).

• AḴLĀQ-E MOḤSENĪ

  G. M. Wickens

  an ostensibly serious treatise on ethics by the prolific prose-stylist Kamāl-al-dīn Ḥosayn Wāʿeẓ Kāšefī, completed in 900/1494-95.

• AḴLĀQ-E NĀṢERĪ

  G. M. Wickens

  by Ḵᵛāǰa Naṣīr-al-dīn Ṭūsī, the principal treatise in Persian on ethics, economics, and politics, first published according to the author in 633/1235.

• AḴLĀṬ

  C. E. Bosworth, H. Crane

  a town and medieval Islamic fortress in eastern Anatolia.

• AḴNŪḴ

  J. P. Asmussen

  Enoch, in Manichean texts. According to the Cologne Mani Codex, the outstanding Greek Mani-vita, the prophet grew up in a Judeo-Christian environment, in the sect founded by Elkhasai in Eastern Syria about 100 CE.

• AKŌMAN

  J. Duchesne-Guillemin

  “Evil Mind,” a term personified as a demon in Zoroastrianism.

• AḴORSĀLĀR

  Cross-Reference

  See ĀXWARR.

• AḴSĪKAṮ

  C. E. Bosworth

  in early medieval times the capital of the then still Iranian province of Farḡāna.

• AḴSĪKATĪ

  Cross-Reference

  See AṮĪR AḴSĪKATĪ.