Search Results for “nicholas sims williams”

• EPHESUS, SEVEN SLEEPERS OF

  Nicholas Sims-Williams

  Christian legend attested by texts in many languages.

• CYRIACUS AND JULITTA, ACTS OF

  Nicholas Sims-Williams

  Chris­tian martyrological text.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• EUSTATHIUS, ACTS of

  Nicholas Sims-Williams

  Christian martyrological text, of which versions survive in many languages, including Greek, Latin, Syriac, and Armenian.

• EVAGRIUS PONTICUS

  Nicholas Sims-Williams

  (346-399 C.E.), prolific author of Christian literature in Greek. After passing the first part of his career as a preacher in Constantinople, Evagrius took up abode in the Egyptian desert and became one of the most renowned of its many ascetics.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• KĒD

  NICHOLAS SIMS-WILLIAMS

  Pahlavi and Bactrian word with meanings ranging from “soothsayer” to “priest,” probably derived from OIran.

• KADAGISTĀN

  Nicholas Sims-Williams

  an eastern province of the Sasanian empire. The clearest evidence for the existence of such a province is provided by a bulla bearing the impression of a seal.

• DADISOʿ QATRAYA

  Nicholas Sims-Williams

  (late 7th century), Nestorian author of ascetic literature in Syriac. Pre­sumably a native of Qaṭar, as his surname suggests, he lived for a time at the monastery of Rabban Šābūr, near Šostar  in Ḵūzestān. His writings included commentaries on the Paradise of the Fathers and on the 26 “discourses” of Abbā Isaiah; fragments of the latter are found in Sogdian translation.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• BĀBAY OF NISIBIS

  N. Sims-Williams

  Christian Syriac writer who flourished about the beginning of the seventh century CE; a homily of his is attested in Sogdian.

• ABBĀ ISAIAH

  N. Sims-Williams

  (i.e., “Father” Isaiah), late 4th century A.D., author of Christian ascetical texts; from these it appears that he was a hermit who lived in the desert of Scete in Egypt, of whom several anecdotes are told in the Apophthegmata patrum.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• BULAYÏQ

  Nicholas Sims-Williams

  town in eastern Turkestan, modern Chinese Sinkiang, situated about ten km north of Turfan. At the nearby ruin of Shüī-pang, a library of fragmentary Christian manuscripts (thought to be of the 9th-10 cents.) was discovered in 1905, and the site is judged to be that of a Nestorian monastery.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• EUGENIUS

  Nicholas Sims-Williams

  or MĀRAWGEN; legendary Christian saint traditionally credited with the introduction of Egyptian monasticism into Mesopotamia and Persia.

• APOPHTHEGMATA PATRUM

  N. Sims-Williams

  (Maxims of the fathers), Graeco-Latin name customarily used to refer to a species of Christian literature consisting of sayings and edifying anecdotes of the monks and solitary ascetics who inhabited the deserts of Egypt during the early centuries of the Christian era.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• KANJAKI

  Nicholas Sims-Williams

  language mentioned in the 11th-century Turkish lexicon of Maḥmud al-Kāšḡari as being spoken in the villages near Kāšḡar.

• APOSTOLIC CANONS

  N. Sims-Williams

  fragmentary Christian Sogdian text.

• JAḠATU

  Nicholas Sims-Williams

  an archeological site in Ḡazni province, Afghanistan, situated about 20 km north of Ḡazni on the route between Ḡazni and Wardak.

• CORPUS INSCRIPTIONUM IRANICARUM

  Nicholas Sims-Williams

  (C.I.I.), an association devoted to the col­lection and publication of Iranian inscriptions and documents.

• BAAT

  N. Sims-Williams, J. Russell

  an Iranian middle personal name; Baat is the name of a disciple of Mani mentioned in the Coptic “crucifixion narrative”. The word is borrowed in Armenian in the form “Bat” which translates to the name of the “nahapet” (family head).

• EḴŠĪD

  F. Grenet and N. Sims-Williams

  Arabo-Persian form of a Sogdian royal title attested in Sogdian script as (ʾ)xšyδ and in Manichean script as (ʾ)xšy(y)δ.

• KOŠĀNIYA

  P. Lurje

  a medieval Sogdian town to the west of Samarkand. Its name is most probably related to the Yuezhi Kušān dynasty and its claimed heirs, such as the Kidarites.

• CHRISTIANITY iv. Christian Literature in Middle Iranian Languages

  Nicholas Sims-Williams

  In Persia itself Syriac eventually regained its status as the sole literary and liturgical language of the church, with the result that none of this Christian Persian literature survived, apart from a few texts preserved in Syriac translation, such as two legal works by the metropolitans Išoʿbōḵt and Simon.

• KASHMIR i. INTRODUCTION

  Siegfried Weber

  Iranian influence in and beyond the region of Kashmir is a long-term phenomenon. Inscriptions in Sogdian, Parthian, and Middle Persian demonstrate pre-Islamic contacts there with Iranian-speakers.

• DEYLAM, JOHN OF

  Nicholas Sims-Williams

  or Yoḥannān Daylomāyā (d. 738), Eastern Syrian saint and founder of monasteries in Fārs.

• BIBLE v. Sogdian Translations

  Nicholas Sims-Williams

  The following manuscripts containing biblical texts in Sogdian have been made known. None of them survives in anything like complete form, and some are mere fragments.

• DUNHUANG ii. Buddhist and Other Texts in Iranian Languages

  Yutaka Yoshida

  The library cave in Dunhuang has yielded a number of texts of the 8th to 10th centuries in two Middle Iranian languages, Khotanese and Sogdian.

• FARHANG O ZENDAGĪ

  Nasserddin Parvin

  a periodical published in 28 issues from winter 1969 to spring 1978 by the Secretariat of the High Council of Culture and Art (Dabīr-ḵāna-ye Šūrā-ye ʿalī-e farhang o honar).

• AZDĀKARA

  M. Dandamayev

  (from Old Persian azdā- “announcement” and kara- “maker”), officials of the Achaemenid chancery, the heralds, who made known, for example, the government edicts, court sentences.

• Greece xiii. Greek Loanwords in Middle Iranian Languages

  Philip Huyse

  The number of loanwords borrowed from Greek into the pre-Islamic Iranian languages is far less impressive than the number of borrowings in the other direction.

• BĀMDĀD

  N. Parvīn

  a weekly Persian newspaper published in Tehran, 1907.

• BARḴᵛARDĀR TORKMĀN

  R. D. McChesney

  MĪRZĀ, author of Aḥsan al-sīar, a history of Shah Esmāʿīl Ṣafawī, completed 1523-24 or 1530-31.

• GAHĪZ

  Nassereddin Parvin

  weekly newspaper published in Kabul from January 1968 to April 1973, owned, edited, and published by Menhāj-al-Dīn Gahīz (1922-73), who was apparently assassinated by Soviet agents.

• CHILAS

  Karl Jettmar

  township in the upper Indus valley in Pakistani-controlled Jammu and Kashmir, almost directly south of Gilgit and located on the new Karakorum high­way between Pakistan and China.

• ISLAM AKHUN

  Ursula Sims-Williams

  (Eslām-āḵūn), treasure-seeker and swindler active in Khotan and neighboring areas between 1894 and 1901, best known, however, as an adept forger of manuscripts and block prints. He was eventually unmasked by Sir Aurel Stein (1862-1943) in 1901.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• GOWHAR

  Nasereddin Parvin

  a cultural journal published monthly from January 1973 to December 1978 (issue no. 72) of the philanthropic organization of Mortażā Nuriāni.

• BALADĪYA

  N. Parvīn

  (Municipality), the name or part of the name of several newspapers and journals published in Iran and Afghanistan ca. 1907-39.

• MANICHEISM iv. BUDDHIST ELEMENTS IN

  P. Bryder

  Mani, who came to be considered himself to be the seal of the prophets, named Buddha, Zarathustra, and Jesus as his forerunners.

• ḤABIB AL-ESLĀM

  Nasser-al-Din Parvin

  Persian-language weekly newspaper published in Kabul, 1929 replacing Amān-e afḡān at the time of Bačča-ye Saqqā.

• FELĀḤAT-E MOẒAFFARĪ

  Nassereddin Parvin

  the first monthly magazine in Persia dealing with agricultural issues published from August 1900 to Noveber 1907; the official publication of the General Agricultural Office of Persia.

• FARHANG-E ĪRĀN-ZAMĪN

  Nasserddin Parvin

  a research quarterly first published in Tehran in March 1953.

• EASTERN IRANIAN LANGUAGES

  Nicholas Sims-Williams

  term used to refer to a group of Iranian languages most of which are or were spoken in lands to the east of the present state of Persia.

• HUḴT

  Nassereddin Parvin

  monthly periodical published in Persian by Iranian Zoroastrians, 1950-84.

• BĀMDĀD-E ROWŠAN

  N. Parvīn

  a Persian journal of news and political comment published in Tehran, 1915-24.

• HAFTŌRANG

  Antonio Panaino

  the circumpolar constellation Ursa Major (UMa),  known in Young Avestan literature under the appellative of haptōiriṇga- (only pl. with star- “star”).

• KADPHISES, KUJULA

  Osmund Bopearachchi

  (1st cent. CE), first Kuṣān king, founder of the Kuṣāna dynasty in Central Asia and India, as indicated by the legend written in Gāndhāri and Kharoṣṭhī.

• DHYĀNA TEXT

  Yutaka Yoshida

  designation of a Buddhist Sogdian text of 405 lines discovered at Tun-huang.

• KHAGAN

  Étienne de la Vaissière

  a title that entered Persian and was used by medieval Muslim historians in reference to various rulers.

• SOGDIANA i. The Name

  Pavel Lurje

  etymology of the name of the ancient and medieval land around Samarqand.

• JABḠUYA

  C. Edmund Bosworth

  Arabo-Persian form of the Central Asian title yabḡu. Although it is best known as a Turkish title of nobility, it was in use many centuries before the Turks appear in the historical record.

• IRAN vi. IRANIAN LANGUAGES AND SCRIPTS (6) Old Iranian Languages

  Prods Oktor Skjærvø

  Proto-Iranian split into at least four distinct dialect groups, characterized, among other things, by the typical developments of the palatal affricates and the groups.

• ESTEQLĀL

  Nassereddin Parvin

  newspaper published by the constitutionalists who had taken refuge in the Ottoman consulate in Tabrīz during the Russian occupation of the city in 1909.

• DHŪTA-SŪTRA

  Yutaka Yoshida

  name of a Buddhist Sogdian text discovered at Tun-huang.

• ADDĀ

  W. Sundermann

  one of the earliest disciples of Mani.

• IRAN-E KABIR

  Nassereddin Parvin

  periodical published in the city of Rašt by the political activist Grigor Yaqikiān, 1929-30.

• NEDĀY-E ESLĀM

  Nassereddin Parvin

  (The voice of Islam), a pro-constitutional newspaper lithographed and published in Shiraz, 1907.

• KIDARITES

  Frantz Grenet

  a dynasty which ruled Tukharistan and later Gandhāra, probably also part of Sogdiana; the initial date is disputed (ca 390 CE for some modern authors, ca. 420-430 for others).

• HORMOZD I

  M. RAHIM SHAYEGAN

  Sasanian great king (r. 272-73 CE), the throne name of Šāpur I’s son and and successor, Hormozd-Ardašēr.

• ETTEFĀQ

  Nassereddin Parvin

  title of five Persian newspapers.

• JONAYD-E NAQQĀŠ

  Barbara Brend

  a painter of the 14th century, known from one reference and one picture.

• MAJALLA-ye RASMI-e ṮABT

  Nassereddin Parvin

  official journal of the Ministry of Justice from 1928.

• DAʿWAT AL-ESLĀM

  Nassereddin Parvin

  A biweekly Persian journal published in Bombay by Ḥājj Sayyed Moḥammad Dāʿī-al-Eslām from 19 October 1906 until the end of 1909.

• ESTEQLĀL-e ĪRĀN

  Nassereddin Parvin

  an evening daily published in Tehran from 31 May 1910-17 August 1911; it was the organ of the small Unity and Progress party (Ḥezb-e ettefāq o taraqqī) and was published by the party’s leader, the well-known constitutionalist Zayn-al-ʿĀbedīn Mostaʿān-al-Molk

• BARŠABBĀ

  N. Sims-Williams

  legendary bishop of Marv and founder of the Christian church in eastern Iran. The only completely preserved versions of the legend are found in Arabic sources.

• SERĀJ AL-AḴBĀR-E AFḠĀNIYA

  May Schinasi

  “Torch of the news of Afghanistan,” bi-monthly Persian language newspaper published in Kabul during the second decade of the reign of Amir Ḥabib-Allāh (r. 1901-19).

• EBLĀḠ

  Nassereddin Parvin

  lit. “communication”; title of five Persian language newspapers.

• KAʿBA-YE ZARDOŠT

  Gerd Gropp

  “Kaʿba of Zoroaster,” an ancient building at Naqš-e Rostam near Persepolis.

• PERSONAL NAMES, SOGDIAN i. IN CHINESE SOURCES

  Y. Yoshida

  Especially during some hundred years before the An Lushan’s rebellion (755-63 C.E.), when Tang controlled Central Asia, a great many Sogdians were encountered in northern China.

• GRĪW

  Werner Sundermann

  a Middle Iranian word meaning “neck, throat” and “self, soul.”

• ANCIENT LETTERS

  N. Sims-Williams

  The group consists of five almost complete letters and a number of fragments of similar letters. Each letter was folded several times and bore the names of the sender and addressee on the outside. Most were tied with string; one letter was wrapped in silk and enclosed in an envelope of coarse cloth addressed to Samarkand.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• KUSHAN DYNASTY ii. Inscriptions of the Kushans

  N. Sims-Williams and H. Falk

  The inscriptions issued by the Kushan rulers or in areas under their rule include texts in Bactrian, written in Greek script, and in Prakrit written in Brāhmī or Kharoṣṭhī script. Naturally enough, the Bactrian inscriptions are mostly found in Bactria and the Indian inscriptions in the Kushan territories to the south and east of the Hindu Kush.

• DATES AND DATING

  D. N. MacKenzie

  in Old and Middle Iranian. The only dating formulas preserved in an Old Iranian language are those found in Old Persian in the Bīsotūn inscriptions of Darius I; by the time of the earliest dated Middle Iranian documents, the Parthian ostraca from Nisa of the 1st century B.C.E., the Zoroastrian (so-called Avestan) calendar was in use.

• PAHLAVI PSALTER

  Philippe Gignoux

  name given to a fragment, consisting of twelve pages written on both sides, of a Middle Persian translation of the Syriac Psalter. It was discovered, with a mass of other documents, at Bulayiq, near Turfan, in eastern Turkistan (present-day Xinjiang, China) by one of the four German expeditions to Central Asia.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• FĀRS NEWSPAPER

  Nassereddin Parvin

  name of two newspapers published in Shiraz.

• FARHANG

  Nassereddin Parvin

  the title of five newspapers and magazines printed in Persia and Europe.

• JOWZJĀN

  C. Edmund Bosworth

  Arabicized form of Persian Gowzgān(ān), a district of eastern Khorasan in early Islamic times, now roughly corresponding to the northwest of modern Afghanistan.

• KUNDA(G)

  Mahnaz Moazami

  a demon in Zoroastrian literature;  in the Avesta, Sraoša or Ātar is implored to cast it into hell; in Middle Persian books, it is the steed of the sorcerers.  

• BAGINA

  F. Grenet

  reconstructed Old Iranian word for a temple housing a cult image; and BAGINAPATI, the master of such a temple. They have descendants in various Middle Iranian languages.

• EṬṬELĀʿ

  Nassereddin Parvin

  title of a Persian newspaper and a magazine.

• SOGDIAN LITERATURE i. Buddhist

  Yutaka Yoshida

  A considerable number of Buddhist Sogdian texts dating from around the 8th century CE were unearthed from “Caves of the Thousand Buddhas” at Dunhuang in western China and from Turfan in Chinese Turkestan.

• OḴOWWAT

  Nassereddin Parvin

  (Brotherhood), the name of four newspapers and one magazine published in Tabriz, Rašt, Shiraz, Kermānšāh, and Baghdad in the early 1900s.

• HEPHTHALITES

  A. D. H. Bivar

  (Arabic Hayṭāl, pl. Hayāṭela), a people who formed apparently the second wave of “Hunnish” tribal invaders to impinge on the Iranian and Indian worlds from the mid-fourth century CE.

• CHRISTIANITY iii. In Central Asia And Chinese Turkestan

  Nicholas Sims-Williams

  By the late 3rd century the Syrian church was strongly established in the western Persian empire. The Nestorian church of Persia (“Church of the East”) conducted the most significant and endur­ing missionary work in Transoxania and beyond.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• ZĀYANDARUD newspaper

  Nassereddin Parvin

  weekly newspaper published in Isfahan by ʿAbd-al-Ḥosayn Mo ʿin-al-Eslām Ḵᵛānsāri from 1 RabiʿI 1327 to 22 Ḏu’l-ḥejja 1333 (23 March 1909 to 31 October 1915).

• RUZ-NĀMA-YE RASMI-E DAWLAT-E IRĀN

  Nassereddin Parvin

  (Official Journal of the Government of Iran), a paper published in Tehran as the official organ of government since 1911.

• JÑĀNOLKADHĀRAṆĪ

  Mauro Maggi

  “Spell of [the Buddha] Jñānolka,” the name of a short Buddhist text of the Mahayanist tradition containing two magic spells (dhāraṇī) aimed at the protection and deliverance of beings.

• HUNTINGTON, ELLSWORTH

  Ursula Sims-Williams

  American geographer (1876-1947). In Central Asia ihe collected extensive data and acquired several manuscripts and wooden documents in Kharoṣṭhī, Tibetan, Sanskrit, and Khotanese.

• GĪLĀN NEWSPAPERS

  Nassereddin Parvin

  title of four newspapers published in Rašt.

• DĀNEŠ (2)

  Nassereddin Parvin

  lit., “knowledge”; title of seven newspa­pers and journals published in Persia and the Indian subcontinent, presented here in chronological order.

• SOGDIAN TRADE

  Etienne de la Vaissiere

  The people of Sogdiana were the main caravan merchants of Central Asia from the 5th to the 8th century.

• INDO-PARTHIAN DYNASTY

  Christine Fröhlich

  While maritime disturbances were known to have driven merchants to use the caravan routes, during the periods of Mughal-Safavid rivalry over Kandahar merchants would temporarily favor the more predictable maritime routes.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• BODHISATTVA

  Werner Sundermann

  in the Middle Iranian languages. The Sanskrit word Bodhisat(t)va, literally a being (blessed with) understanding, designates someone des­tined for Buddhahood later in life or in a future existence.

• DĀNĪĀL-E NABĪ

  Amnon Netzer, Nicholas Sims-Williams, Parvīz Varjāvand, Amnon Netzer

  Dānīāl is not mentioned in the Koran but is venerated as a prophet in Muslim tradition. Eschatological statements and the prophecy recounted in Daniel 12:12 (supposedly concerning the year 1335) have been interpreted by Jews as referring to the coming of the Messiah.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• DĒW

  A. V. Williams

  lit. "demon" in the Pahlavi books.

• JĪVAKAPUSTAKA

  Mauro Maggi

  a medical text in Sanskrit and Khotanese belonging to the Indian Ayurvedic tradition.

• ŠARQ

  Nasserddin Parvin

  a literary journal published occasionally in Tehran between 1924 and 1932.

• IDEOGRAPHIC WRITING

  N. Sims-Williams, D. Testen

  the representation of language by means of “ideograms,” that is, symbols representing “ideas,” rather than (or usually side by side with) symbols which represent sounds. i. Terminology and conventions. ii. Ideographic writing in the Ancient Near East.

• GRIBOEDOV, ALEXANDER SERGEEVICH

  George Bournoutian

  Griboedov joined the Russian administration in Transcaucasia in early 1819 and was sent by the Chief Administrator, General Ermolov, to Persia to establish the Russian Mission in Tehran.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• JĀTAKASTAVA

  Mauro Maggi

  a Khotanese religious poem in praise (Skt. stava-) of the Buddha’s former births (Skt. jātaka-).

• CENTRAL ASIA xiii. Iranian Languages

  Ivan M. Steblin-Kamenskij

  Central Asia was the ancient homeland of the Iranians and therefore also of the Iranian languages.

• GAṆDARƎBA

  Antonio Panaino

  (Mid. Pers. Gandarw/Gandarb), a term attested the Avesta as the name of a monster living in the lake Vourukaṧa.

• HONAR O MARDOM

  Nassereddin Parvin

  a monthly magazine published by the General Office of Fine Arts in the Ministry of Education, 1957, 1962-79.

• ČEHRANEMĀ

  Nassereddin Parvin

  (lit. “mirror”), the name of an illustrated Persian newspaper and periodical published in Egypt (1322-1338 Š./1904-59, with interruptions).