Table of Contents

• ḠOZZ

  Peter B. Golden, C. Edmund Bosworth

  a significant Turkic tribe in western Eurasia in the 5th century.

• GRAND LODGE OF IRAN

  Cross-Reference

  See FREEMASONRY, iii-iv.

• GRANICUS

  Ernst Badian

  river (mod. Kocabaş Çay) flowing into the Sea of Marmara.

• GRANT DUFF, Sir EVELYN MOUNTSTUART

  Denis Wright

  (b. 1863; d. Bath, 1926), British diplomat serving successively in Rome, Tehran, St. Petersburg, Stockholm, Berlin, then London.

• GRANT, Captain NATHANIEL PHILIP

  Denis Wright

  (b. New York, 1774; k. Ḵorramābād, 1810), a military officer of the East India Company.

• GRANTOVSKIĬ, EDVIN ARVIDOVICH

  Mohammad Dandamayev

  (1932-1995), Russian Iranologist of Latvian descent.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• GRAPES

  Cross-Reference

  See ANGŪR.

• GRAPHIC ARTS

  Mortażā Momayyez, Peter Chelkowski

  Broadly speaking, graphic art and design have a long history in Persia; their antecedents can be seen in graphic motifs and patterns on ancient clay and metal vessels, stone reliefs, seals, brickwork, glazed tiles, plaster and wood carvings, cloths, carpets, marquetry, miniature paintings, calligraphy, and illumination of manuscripts.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• GRAY, BASIL

  John Michael Rogers

  (1904-1989), art historian and the keeper of Oriental antiquities at the British Museum (1946-69).

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• GRAY, LOUIS HERBERT

  William W. Malandra

  (b. Newark, New Jersey; 1875; d. New York, New York, 1955), orientalist and philologist, who was associated with Columbia University throughout most of his academic life.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• GREAT BRITAIN

  Multiple Authors

  OVERVIEW of the entry: i. Introduction, ii. An Overview of Relations: Safavid to the Present, iii. British influence in Persia in the 19th century, iv. British influence in Persia, 1900-21, v. British influence during the Reżā Shah period, 1921-41, vi. British influence in Persia, 1941-79, vii. British Travelers to Persia, viii. British Archeological Excavations, ix. Iranian Studies in Britian, Pre-Islamic, x. Iranian Studies in Britain, the Islamic Period, xi. Persian Art Collections in Britain, xii. The Persian Community in Britain, xiii. The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), xiv. The British Institute of Persian Studies, xv. British Schools in Persia.

• GREAT BRITAIN i. INTRODUCTION

  Multiple Authors

  During the 16th century, several unsuccessful attempts were made by the Muscovy (or Russia) Company of London to develop trade between London and Persia via Russia.

• GREAT BRITAIN ii. An Overview of Relations: Safavid to the Present

  Denis Wright

  Prior to the Safavid period, contacts between Britain and Persia were confined to the 13th century, and were infrequent and of short duration.

• GREAT BRITAIN iii. British influence in Persia in the 19th century

  Abbas Amanat

  British imperial interests in Persia in the Qajar period were primarily determined by the concern for the security of colonial India and, secondarily, by trade, telegraphic communication, and financial or other conces-sionary agreements.

• GREAT BRITAIN iv. British influence in Persia, 1900-21

  Mansour Bonakdarian

  In the late 1890s, the Foreign Office in London came to regard Germany as the main threat to the European balance of power and British imperial hegemony around the globe.

• Great Britain vi. British influence in Persia, 1941-79

  Fakhreddin Azimi

  For the greater part of the Qajar era (1796-1924) Persia was the scene of intense rivalry between the Russian and British empires.

• Great Britain vii. British Travelers to Persia

  Denis Wright

  The British, more than any others, have been prolific authors of travelogues, and memoirs about Persia.

• Great Britain viii. British Archeological Excavations

  St. J. Simpson

  excavations began in Persia before the so-called “French monopoly” on archeological excavations.

• Great Britain ix. Iranian Studies in Britain, Pre-Islamic

  A. D. H. Bivar

  Several fields of pre-Islamic Iranian Studies have seen great expansion during recent centuries, and to these, scholars and travelers from Great Britain have made substantial contributions.

• Great Britain x. Iranian Studies in Britain, the Islamic Period

  Charles Melville

  British interest in, and scholarship on, Persia and Persian culture in the Islamic period goes back to the first formal contacts between the two countries, that is, at least to the 16th century and the growth of Britain’s involvement in the Levant and East Indian trades.