Table of Contents

• GREECE xv. Ancient Greek borrowings of Perisan herbs and plants of medicinal value

  Luigi Arata

  It is well attested that the ancient Greek city-states (poleis) and the Persian Empire had continuous commercial contact which influenced the ordinary life of both parties.

• GRIBOEDOV, ALEXANDER SERGEEVICH

  George Bournoutian

  (b. Moscow, 1794; k. Tehran, 1829), Russian writer, poet, and playwright, whose most famous work is the play Gore ot uma (Woe from wit).

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• GRIGORIAN, Marcos

  Hengameh Fouladvand

  Iranian-Armenian artist, actor, teacher, gallery owner, and collector who played a pioneering role in the development of Iranian modern art  (1925-2007). As a modernist trendsetter Marco's career began in the 1950s and spanned several countries. By establishing the First Tehran Biennial in 1958 Marco was especially instrumental in opening up channels of communication for Iranian artists.

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• GRĪW

  Werner Sundermann

  a Middle Iranian word meaning “neck, throat” and “self, soul.”

• GROTEFEND, GEORG FRIEDRICH

  Rüdiger Schmitt

  (b. Hannoversch-Münden, 1775; d. Hannover, 1853), German philologist and scholar of oriental studies.

• GROUSSET, RENÉ

  Jacqueline Calmard-Compas

  (b. Aubais, Gard, France, 1885; d. Paris, 1952), French historian who based his wide-ranging research on the studies of the leading French orientalists of his time, and wrote works of synthesis on various aspects of Oriental history and culture.

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• GRUMBATES

  Cross-Reference

  See CHIONITES.

• GRUNDRISS DER IRANISCHEN PHILOLOGIE

  Rüdiger Schmitt

  (Encyclopaedia of Iranian Philology; Strassburg, 1895-1904, reprinted Berlin and New York, 1974), the first attempt to summarize the knowledge of all subjects concerning Iran — the languages and literatures, history and culture of Iran and the Iranian peoples — that had been achieved by the end of the 19th century.

• GRÜNWEDEL, ALBERT

  Werner Sundermann

  (b. Munich, 1856; d. Lenggries, 1935), prominent German Indologist, Tibetologist, art scholar, and archeologist.

• GRYUNBERG TSVETINOVICH, ALEKSANDR LEONOVICH

  Vladmir Kushev

  (b. St. Petersburg, 1930; d. St. Petersburg, 1995), Russian linguist who specialized in Iranian languages.

• GUARDIAN COUNCIL

  A. Schirazi

  or Šurā-ye Negahbān; a powerful 12-member council with vast legislative and executive jurisdictions that forms a cornerstone of the Islamic Republic’s Constitution.

• GUBARU

  Rüdiger Schmitt

  Babylonian rendering of the Iranian name Gaub(a)ruva, which is best known in the Greek form Gōbryas.

• GUDARZ

  Cross-Reference

  See GŌDARZ.

• GUEVREKIAN, GABRIEL

  Mina Marefat

  (b. Istanbul, 1900; d. 1970), Armenian avant-garde architect, an influential figure in the development of modern architecture in Persia, linking Persian architects with Europe’s pioneers of the modern movement.

• GUIDI, IGNAZIO

  Erich Kettenhofen

  (b. Rome, 1844; d. Rome, 1935), prominent Italian orientalist.

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• GUIDI’S CHRONICLE

  Sebastian P. Brock

  an anonymous, 7th-century chronicle of Nestorian Christians, known also as “the Khuzistan Chronicle,” written in Syriac and covering the period from the reign of the Sasanian Hormizd/Hormoz IV (579-89) to the middle of the 7th century and the time of the early Arab conquests.

• GUILDS

  Cross-Reference

  See AṢNĀF; CHAMBER OF GUILDS; CHAMBER OF COMMERCE; BĀZĀR iii.

• GUILLEMIN, MARCELLE

  Anne Draffkorn Kilmer

  (b. Liège, Belgium, 1907; d. Liège, 1997), a well known scholar of ancient Near Eastern organology and ancient music theory.

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• GUJARAT

  Gavin R. G. Hambly

  (Skt. Gurjaṛ), a province of India on its northwestern coastline.

• GUJARATI

  K. M. Jamaspasa

  or Gojarati; the mother tongue of Gujaratis, which has been for centuries a vehicle of thought and expression for Hindus, Parsis, and Muslims of Gu-jarat in western India.