Table of Contents

• GERMANY vii, viii. German cultural influence in Persia

  Christl Catanzaro

  German culture was and is very highly appreciated in Persia, but its influence on Persian culture is usually overrated. A lasting influence was mainly exercised on Persians who either attended a German school in Persia, had other personal contacts with Germans, studied in Germany, or worked there.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• GERMANY ix. Germans in Persia

  Oliver Bast

  The Germans in Persia who have risen to a certain prominence fall mainly into one or more of the following categories: a) travelers and explorers (see above); b) experts in the service of the Persian government; c) agents and soldiers; d) members of German institutions in Persia.

• GERMANY x. The Persian community in Germany

  Asghar Schirazi

  Only a small number of Persians resided in Germany before World War I. They were for the most part students besides several merchants and a few political emigrants.

• GEROWGĀN-GĪRĪ

  Cross-Reference

  See HOSTAGE CRISIS; IRAN-CONTRA AFFAIR.

• GEŠNĪZ

  Cross-Reference

  See CORIANDER.

• GĒSŪ-DARĀZ

  Cross-Reference

  See GĪSŪ-DARĀZ.

• GĒTĪG AND MĒNŌG

  SHAUL SHAKED

  a pair of Middle Persian terms that designate the two forms of existence according to the traditional Zoroastrian view of the world as expressed in the Pahlavi books.

• GƎUŠ TAŠAN

  William W. Malandra

  (the fashioner of the Cow), a divine craftsman who figures prominently in the Gathas of Zoroaster but falls into obscurity in the Younger Avesta, being there associated with the fourteenth day of the month, known in Middle Persian simply as Gōš.

• GƎUŠ URUUAN

  William W. Malandra

  “the soul of the Cow,” the name of the archetypal Bovine, whose plight is a subject of Zoroaster’s gāθā, often identified as “the Cow’s Lament.”

• GĒV

  Djalal Khaleghi-Motlagh

  one of the foremost heroes of the national epic in the reigns of Kay Kāvūs and Kay Ḵosrow.