Table of Contents

• EDUCATION xii. VOCATIONAL AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS

  Šahlā Kāẓemīpūr

  Attempts to train Persians in modern technology began under the crown prince ʿAbbās Mīrzā (q.v.) and his vizier, Mīrzā Abu’l-Qāsem Qāʾem-Maqām, in the 1810s and 1820s, when seven students were sent to England, three to Russia, and two to France for training in various technical skills.

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• EDUCATION xiii. RURAL AND TRIBAL SCHOOLS

  Moḥammad Bahmanbeygī, Nāṣer Mīr, Moḥammad Pūrsartīp, and EIr

  Compulsory-education laws enacted in 1911 and 1943 provided the legal framework for the extension of modern education into rural and tribal areas. Until the 1950s, however, the Persian government did not possess the resources  to implement these laws; in addition, landowners and tribal khans resisted such efforts.

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• EDUCATION xiv. SPECIAL SCHOOLS

  Samineh Baghchehban-Pirnazar

  Children with special educational needs include the gifted, slow learners, the physically handicapped, the emotionally disturbed (nā-sāzegār), and the blind and the deaf.

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• EDUCATION xv. FOREIGN AND MINORITY SCHOOLS IN PERSIA

  EIr

  Modern education was introduced to Persia in the 19th century by European and American religious institutions and military advisers.

• EDUCATION xvi. SCHOOL TEXTBOOKS

  Aḥmad Bīrašk and EIr

  No standardized schoolbooks existed in Persia before the advent of the modern educational system. The first were written by European teachers at the Dār al-fonūn (q.v.) in the mid-19th century.

• EDUCATION xvii. HIGHER EDUCATION

  David Menashri

  Higher education in the modern sense was first introduced in Persia under the Pahlavis (1925-78) and through a continuing process of reform played a central role in social change in the country.

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• EDUCATION xviii. TEACHERS’-TRAINING SCHOOLS

  Eqbāl Yaḡmāʾ ī

  The first institution specializing in the training of elementary-school teachers in Persia, Dār al-moʿallemīn-e markazī (Central Teachers’ College), was founded in a private house in Tehran in 1336/1918.

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• EDUCATION xix. TEACHERS’-TRAINING COLLEGES

  Majd-al-Dīn Keyvānī

  Dānešgāh-e tarbīat-e moʿallem, the oldest institution for educating teachers in Persia, was founded as Dār al-moʿallemīn-e markazī in Tehran in 1336/1918.

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• EDUCATION xx. ADULT EDUCATION

  Šahlā Kāẓemīpūr

  The first adult-literacy classes in Persia were organized by constitutionalists at primary schools in Tehran and provincial towns in 1327/1909, but those efforts did not outlast the chaos of the period following the Constitutional Revolution.

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• EDUCATION xxi. EDUCATION ABROAD

  Afshin Matin-Asgari

  Persian awareness of a need to learn from Europeans arose in the wake of major military defeats and territorial losses in two wars with Russia in the early 19th century.

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• EDUCATION xxii. PHYSICAL EDUCATION

  Cross-Reference

  See PHYSICAL EDUCATION.

• EDUCATION xxiii. MILITARY EDUCATION

  Cross-reference

  See MILITARY EDUCATION.

• EDUCATION xxiv. EDUCATION IN POSTREVOLUTIONARY PERSIA, 1979-95

  Golnar Mehran

  The history of education in the Islamic Republic falls into two phases: from the revolution to the cease-fire between Persia and Iraq in 1367 Š./1988 (the revolutionary period), when Islamic ideology predominated, and the subsequent period of reconstruction and privatization.

• EDUCATION xxv. WOMEN’S EDUCATION IN THE QAJAR PERIOD

  Afsaneh Najmabadi

  The premodern conception of women’s education was varied. In some medieval books of ethical instruction and counsel teaching women to read was recommended, whereas other authors warned against it.

• EDUCATION xxvi. WOMEN’S EDUCATION IN THE PAHLAVI PERIOD AND AFTER

  EIr

  In the 1920s and 1930s women’s public education in Persia was established and grew rapidly.  In 1926-27 the enrollment of females in primary schools was about 17,000, 21 percent of total enrollment at that level, and in secondary schools about 700, 6 percent of the total enrollment at that level.

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• EDUCATION xxvii. IN AFGHANISTAN

  M. Mobin Shorish

  By the end of the 19th century, mosque schools (maktabs) and madrasas had lost their vitality, rigor, and scope. As modern Afghanistan emerged, internecine struggles among the ruling Abdālī  and subsequently among the Moḥammadzai clan ensured that no trace of regular and systematic education remained in the country.

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• EDUCATION xxviii. IN TAJIKISTAN

  Habib Borjian

  Modern education in Tajikistan developed as the country emerged as a Soviet socialist republic, under the Soviet policy of standardization, with language as virtually the only variable. In Tajikistan, as in other Central Asian republics, this policy brought about nearly universal literacy.

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• EFTEḴĀR DAWLATĀBĀDĪ, ʿABD-AL-WAHHĀB BOḴĀRĪ

  S. Moinul Haq

  (b. Ahmadnagar; d. Dawlatābād, 1776), Deccani biographer and poet in Urdu and Persian.

• EFTEḴĀRĪĀN

  François de Blois

  a family of officials and poets from Qazvīn, reputed descendants of the caliph Abū Bakr, who flourished under the early Il-khans in the 13th century.

• EGGPLANT

  Cross-Reference

  See BĀDENJĀN.