Table of Contents

• ʿEBRAT

  EIr

  a monthly magazine first published on 4 February 1956 as the organ of Tūda party prisoners under the auspices and with the facilities of the Office of Tehran’s Military Governor, General Teymūr Baḵtīār.

• ʿEBRAT, Sayyed MOḤAMMAD-QĀSEM

  Munibur Rahman

  author of ʿEbrat-nāma, a history of the reigns of Awrangzēb’s successors to 1723.

• ʿEBRĪ

  Cross-Reference

  "hebrew." See under JUDEO-PERSIAN COMMUNITIES.

• EBTEHAJ, ABOLHASSAN

  Geoffrey Jones

  (1899-1999), prominent banker, economic planner, and one of the most important and powerful figures in the economic history of Iran during the middle decades of the 20th century.

• ECBATANA

  Stuart C. Brown

  present-day Hamadān, capital of the Median empire, summer capital of the Achaemenids, and satrapal seat of the province of Media from Achaemenid to Sasanian times.

• ECKMANN, János

  ANDRÁS BODROGLIGETI

  (1905-1971), a Hungarian Professor of Chaghatay.

• ECOLOGY

  Eckart Ehlers

  , the study of organisms, both flora and fauna, in relation to their environments. Five primary ecological regions may be distinguished in Persia, each with a characteristic combination of features: the Caspian lowlands, the Alborz system and mountain ranges in Khorasan, the Persian plateau, the Zagros system with the Makrān mountain ranges, and the lowlands along the Persian Gulf.

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• ECONOMY

  Multiple Authors

  i. Economic geography, ii. In the Pre-Achaemenid period, iii. In the Achaemenid period, iv. In the Sasanian period, v. From the Arab conquest to the end of the Il-khanids, vi. In the Timurid period, vii. From the Safavids through the Zands, viii. In the Qajar period, ix. In the Pahlavi period, x. Under the Islamic Republic, xi. In modern Afghanistan, xii. In Tajikistan.

• ECONOMY i. ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY

  Xavier de Planhol

  The high plateau and its external relations. The heartland of the Iranian world, encompassing both Persia and Afghanistan, is an arid high plateau, from which communication with the outside world is extraordinarily difficult.

• ECONOMY ii. IN THE PRE-ACHAEMENID PERIOD

  Robert C. Henrickson

  Pre-Median Persia was a crucial economic component of ancient southwest Asia from the earliest times.

• ECONOMY iii. IN THE ACHAEMENID PERIOD

  Muhammad A. Dandamayev

  The Achaemenid empire, extending from the Indus river to the Aegean sea, comprised such economically developed countries as Egypt, Syria, Phoenicia, Babylonia, Elam, and Asia Minor, lands which had their long traditions of social institutions, as well as Sakai, Massagetai, Lycians, Libyans, Nubians and other tribes undergoing the disintegration of the primitive-communal phase.

• ECONOMY iv. IN THE SASANIAN PERIOD

  Ryka Gyselen

  The Sasanians, who inherited the economic conditions left by the Parthians, were quick to forge an economic state so powerful and distinctive that its fame spread well beyond their political frontiers and their period.

• ECONOMY v. FROM THE ARAB CONQUEST TO THE END OF THE IL-KHANIDS (part 1)

  Ann K. S. Lambton

  The economic order in Islamic Persia was in theory, if not always in practice, derived from Islamic norms.

• ECONOMY v. FROM THE ARAB CONQUEST TO THE END OF THE IL-KHANIDS (part 2)

  Ann K. S. Lambton

  The political breakdown of the caliphate in the 3rd/9th and 4th/10th centuries, although disastrous for the finances of the state and for agriculture in ʿErāq-e ʿArab and, perhaps, also in Ḵūzestān and parts of western Persia, did not have ill effects immediately on the economic life of Persia as a whole.

• ECONOMY v. FROM THE ARAB CONQUEST TO THE END OF THE IL-KHANIDS (part 3)

  Ann K. S. Lambton

  As the needs of the state grew, there was a constant shortage of specie to meet its expenses. As a result of the devastation and demographic decline brought about by the invasions, there was less land under cultivation and fewer people engaged in agriculture.

• ECONOMY vi. IN THE TIMURID PERIOD

  Maria E. Subtelny

  The Timurid invasions against the Kartid rulers of Khorasan, which began in 783/1381, caused socioeconomic dislocation and unprecedented wholesale destruction and pillaging of towns, as well as brutal massacres of their populations.

• ECONOMY vii. FROM THE SAFAVIDS THROUGH THE ZANDS

  Bert Fragner

  The first Safavid king, Esmāʿīl I (907-30/1501-24), initiated a process of political and religious change in Persia that profoundly affected the economic structure.

• ECONOMY viii. IN THE QAJAR PERIOD

  Hassan Hakimian

  At the outset of the Qajar dynasty, the Persian economy displayed the characteristics of a traditional economy disintegrating under the stress of political anarchy.

• ECONOMY ix. IN THE PAHLAVI PERIOD

  M. Hashem Pesaran

  Overall, under the Pahlavis the Persian economy made significant advances which compared favorably with the experience of countries such as Turkey and Egypt, which were in a better state of development after the First World War.

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• ECONOMY x. UNDER THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC

  Vahid F. Nowshirvani

  Since 1979 there have been marked changes in the economic policies, institutions, and structure of the country, and major economic dislocation and disruption of production. Not all the changes have resulted directly from the revolution; many other factors, such as the war with Iraq, trade and financial sanctions, and fluctuations in the world oil market have also shaped developments.

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