Table of Contents

  • ʿEBRAT, Sayyed MOḤAMMAD-QĀSEM

    Munibur Rahman

    author of ʿEbrat-nāma, a history of the reigns of Awrangzēb’s successors to 1723.

  • ʿEBRĪ

    Cross-Reference

    "hebrew." See under JUDEO-PERSIAN COMMUNITIES.

  • EBTEHAJ, ABOLHASSAN

    Geoffrey Jones

    (1899-1999), prominent banker, economic planner, and one of the most important and powerful figures in the economic history of Iran during the middle decades of the 20th century.

  • ECBATANA

    Stuart C. Brown

    present-day Hamadān, capital of the Median empire, summer capital of the Achaemenids, and satrapal seat of the province of Media from Achaemenid to Sasanian times.

  • ECKMANN, János

    ANDRÁS BODROGLIGETI

    (1905-1971), a Hungarian Professor of Chaghatay.

  • ECOLOGY

    Eckart Ehlers

    the study of organisms, both flora and fauna, in relation to their environments. Five primary ecological regions in Persia each have a characteristic combination of features: Caspian lowlands, Alborz system and mountains in Khorasan, Persian plateau,  Zagros system. Makrān mountains, and the Persian Gulf lowlands.

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  • ECONOMY

    Multiple Authors

    i. Economic geography, ii. In the Pre-Achaemenid period, iii. In the Achaemenid period, iv. In the Sasanian period, v. From the Arab conquest to the end of the Il-khanids, vi. In the Timurid period, vii. From the Safavids through the Zands, viii. In the Qajar period, ix. In the Pahlavi period, x. Under the Islamic Republic, xi. In modern Afghanistan, xii. In Tajikistan.

  • ECONOMY i. ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY

    Xavier de Planhol

    The high plateau and its external relations. The heartland of the Iranian world, encompassing both Persia and Afghanistan, is an arid high plateau, from which communication with the outside world is extraordinarily difficult.

  • ECONOMY ii. IN THE PRE-ACHAEMENID PERIOD

    Robert C. Henrickson

    Pre-Median Persia was a crucial economic component of ancient southwest Asia from the earliest times.

  • ECONOMY iii. IN THE ACHAEMENID PERIOD

    Muhammad A. Dandamayev

    The Achaemenid empire, extending from the Indus river to the Aegean sea, comprised such economically developed countries as Egypt, Syria, Phoenicia, Babylonia, Elam, and Asia Minor, lands which had their long traditions of social institutions, as well as Sakai, Massagetai, Lycians, Libyans, Nubians and other tribes undergoing the disintegration of the primitive-communal phase.

  • ECONOMY iv. IN THE SASANIAN PERIOD

    Ryka Gyselen

    The Sasanians, who inherited the economic conditions left by the Parthians, were quick to forge an economic state so powerful and distinctive that its fame spread well beyond their political frontiers and their period.

  • ECONOMY v. FROM THE ARAB CONQUEST TO THE END OF THE IL-KHANIDS (part 1)

    Ann K. S. Lambton

    The economic order in Islamic Persia was in theory, if not always in practice, derived from Islamic norms.

  • ECONOMY v. FROM THE ARAB CONQUEST TO THE END OF THE IL-KHANIDS (part 2)

    Ann K. S. Lambton

    The political breakdown of the caliphate in the 3rd/9th and 4th/10th centuries, although disastrous for the finances of the state and for agriculture in ʿErāq-e ʿArab and, perhaps, also in Ḵūzestān and parts of western Persia, did not have ill effects immediately on the economic life of Persia as a whole.

  • ECONOMY v. FROM THE ARAB CONQUEST TO THE END OF THE IL-KHANIDS (part 3)

    Ann K. S. Lambton

    As the needs of the state grew, there was a constant shortage of specie to meet its expenses. As a result of the devastation and demographic decline brought about by the invasions, there was less land under cultivation and fewer people engaged in agriculture.

  • ECONOMY vi. IN THE TIMURID PERIOD

    Maria E. Subtelny

    The Timurid invasions against the Kartid rulers of Khorasan, which began in 783/1381, caused socioeconomic dislocation and unprecedented wholesale destruction and pillaging of towns, as well as brutal massacres of their populations.

  • ECONOMY vii. FROM THE SAFAVIDS THROUGH THE ZANDS

    Bert Fragner

    The first Safavid king, Esmāʿīl I (907-30/1501-24), initiated a process of political and religious change in Persia that profoundly affected the economic structure.

  • ECONOMY viii. IN THE QAJAR PERIOD

    Hassan Hakimian

    At the outset of the Qajar dynasty, the Persian economy displayed the characteristics of a traditional economy disintegrating under the stress of political anarchy.

  • ECONOMY ix. IN THE PAHLAVI PERIOD

    M. Hashem Pesaran

    Overall, under the Pahlavis the Persian economy made significant advances which compared favorably with the experience of countries such as Turkey and Egypt, which were in a better state of development after the First World War.

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  • ECONOMY x. UNDER THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC

    Vahid F. Nowshirvani

    Since 1979 there have been marked changes in the economic policies, institutions, and structure of the country, and major economic dislocation and disruption of production. Not all the changes have resulted directly from the revolution.

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  • ECONOMY xi. IN MODERN AFGHANISTAN

    M. Siddieq Noorzoy

    From 1970 until the coup d’état in April 1978, followed by the Soviet invasion in December 1979, the Afghan economy experienced sustained high economic growth. Gross domestic product rose at a rate of 4.5 percent annually.

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