Table of Contents

  • BRONZE

    Vincent C. Pigott, James W. Allan

    an alloy of two metals, copper and tin. When tin is alloyed with copper, it decreases the temperature at which the two metals will melt, increases fluidity during casting, and acts as a deoxidant. Although copper deposits occur with reasonable frequency throughout the highland zones of south­western, sources of tin are far less common.

  • BRONZE i. In pre-Islamic Iran

    Vincent C. Pigott

    i. In Pre-Islamic Iran. Current research supports the idea that copper deposits on the Iranian plateau were being mined for their arsenic-rich minerals and ores, and it is in these deposits that evidence of early workings must be sought.

    This Article Has Images/Tables.

  • BRONZE ii. In Islamic Iran

    James W. Allan

    ii. In Islamic Iran. The most important copper-tin alloy used in Islamic Iran was a high-tin bronze with a tin content of about 20 percent. The production of bronze alloys was depen­dent on the supply of components.

    This Article Has Images/Tables.

  • BRONZE AGE

    Robert H. Dyson, Jr., and Mary M. Voigt

    in Iranian archeology a term used informally for the period from the rise of trading towns in Iran, ca. 3400-3300 B.C., to the beginning of the Iron Age, ca. 1400-1300 B.C. It has long since lost any precise meaning in relation to technology.

    This Article Has Images/Tables.

  • BRONZES OF LURISTAN

    Oscar White Muscarella

    the accepted term for a distinct body of metalwork produced in the first half of the first millennium B.C. and characterized by a wide range of idiosyncratic forms and a highly stylized conception of human and animal representation.

    This Article Has Images/Tables.

  • BROWNE, EDWARD GRANVILLE

    G. Michael Wickens, Juan Cole, Kamran Ekbal

    eminent British Iranologist (1862-1926). i. Browne’s life and academic career. ii. Browne on Babism and Bahaism. iii. Browne and the Persian Constitutional movement.

  • BRYDGES, HARFORD JONES

    John Perry

    , Sir (1764-1847), English diplomat and author, ambassador to the court of Fatḥ-ʿAlī Shah Qājār from 1807 to 1811.

  • BŪ DOLAF

    cross-reference

    See ABŪ DOLAF.

  • BŪ ḤALĪM ŠAYBĀNĪ FAMILY

    C. Edmund Bosworth

    (or Bāhalīm),  military commanders and governors in northern India under the later Ghaznavid sultans in the late 5th/11th and early 6th/12th centuries.

  • BŪ KORD DYNASTY

    Cross-Reference

    See ĀL-E BŪ KORD.

  • BŪ NAṢR MOŠKĀN

    cross-reference

    See ABŪ NAṢR MOŠKĀN.

  • BŪ ŠOʿAYB HERAVĪ

    cross-reference

    See ABŪ ŠOʿAYB HERAVĪ.

  • BŪDAG

    Mansour Shaki

    Middle Persian term, in Mazdean theological and philosophical texts as “material becoming, genesis,” the counterpart of āfrīdag “spiritually/ideally created."

  • BŪDANA

    cross-reference

    See BELDERČĪN.

  • BŪḎARJOMEHR

    cross-reference

    See BOZORGMEHR.

  • BŪḎARJOMEHRĪ, Karīm Āqā

    Bāqer ʿĀqelī

    , Major General (sar-laškar) (1886-1951), military officer, mayor of Tehran, and minister of Public Welfare. 

  • BUDDHISM

    Multiple Authors

    Among Iranian peoples. This series of articles covers Buddhism in Iran and Iranian lands: i.  In pre-Islamic times. ii.  InIslamic times. iii. Buddhist Literature in Khotanese and Tumshuqese. iv. Buddhist Sites in Afghanistan and Central Asia.

  • BUDDHISM i. In Pre-Islamic Times

    Ronald E. Emmerick

    Origin and early spread of Buddhism. Buddhism arose in northeast India in the sixth century b.c. as the result of the teaching of the historical Buddha Śākyamuni, who died about 483 b.c.

  • BUDDHISM ii. In Islamic Times

    Asadullah Souren Melikian-Chirvani

    The Muslim conquerors of eastern Iran, Afghanistan, and Transoxania in the mid-8th century found Buddhism flourishing in a series of prosperous trading communities along the old caravan routes to India and China.

  • BUDDHISM iii. Buddhist Literature in Khotanese and Tumshuqese

    Ronald F. Emmerick and Prods Oktor Skjærvø

    Khotan played an important role in the transmission of Buddhism during the period represented by the extant material (probably from around 700 to the end of the kingdom of Khotan ca. 1000).