Table of Contents

• ĀŠPAZĪ

  B. Fragner

  "cooking." The history of food consumption in Iran is primarily part of the history of agriculture and stockbreeding on the Iranian plateau.

• ASPBED

  M. L. Chaumont

  “master of horses, chief of cavalry,” Parthian title attested in the Nisa documents and the inscription of Šāpūr I on the Kaʿba-ye Zardošt.

• ASPET

  C. Toumanoff

  Armenian title.

• ʿAṢR-E ENQELĀB

  N. Parvīn

  a journal of news and political comment published at Tehran in 1333-1915.

• ʿAṢR-E JADĪD

  N. Parvīn

  (New era), the name of several journals and a magazine published in Iran at various times.

• ĀŠRAF GĪLĀNĪ

  M. Rahman

  (1870-1934), poet and leading journalist of the Constitutional era.

• ĀŠRAF ḠILZAY

  D. Balland

  the Afghan chief who ruled as Shah over part of Iran from 1137/1725 to 1142/1729.

• ĀŠRAF

  Cross-Reference

  town in Māzandarān. See BEHŠAHR.

• ĀŠRAF-ʿALĪ KHAN FOḠĀN

  M. Baqir

  (or FEḠĀN), poet writing in Persian and Urdu (1140-86/1727-72).

• ĀŠRAFI

  B. Fragner

  term used from the mid-15th century for a gold coin first minted in Mamluk Egypt in 810/1407-08.

• ĀŠRAFĪ

  A. Hairi

  religious leader, born sometime before 1235/1819 and died 1315/1897-98.

• ASRĀR AL-ḤEKAM

  M. Moḥaqqeq

  the title of a book written for Nāṣer-al-dīn Shah Qāǰār, by the philosopher Ḥāǰǰ Mollā Hādī Sabzavāri (1212-89/1797-1872).

• ASRĀR AL-TAWḤĪD

  H. Algar

   principal source for the life and teachings of the well-known mystic of Khorasan, Abū Saʿid b. Abi’l-Ḵayr (b. 357/967, d. 440/1049).

• ĀSRĒŠTĀR

  P. O. Skjærvø

  in Middle Persian Manichean texts a kind of demons, often associated with the mazans.

• ĀSRŌN

  EIr

  Middle Persian form of Avestan āθravan.

• ʿAṢṢĀR TABRĪZĪ

  Z. Safa

  poet, scholar, and mystic of the 8th/14th century.

• ʿAṢṢĀR, Sayyed MOḤAMMAD-KĀẒEM

  Ahmad Kazemi Mousavi and EIr

  (b. 1302/1884-85; d. Tehran, 19 Dey 1353 Š./9 January 1975), outstanding Shiʿite scholar and professor of philosophy at the University of Tehran.

• ASSARHADDON

  J. A. Delaunay

  king of Assyria 680-69 B.C., son of Sennacherib and the Arameo-Babylonian princess Zakūtu.

• ASSASSINS

  Cross-Reference

  (Ar. Ḥaššāšin), pejorative name given to Neẓāri Ismaʿilis by their adversaries during the Middle Ages. See ISMAʿILISM iii. History.

• AŠŠURBANIPAL

  J. A. Delaunay

  king of Assyria 666-25 BCE.

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