Table of Contents

• ANWĀR, SHAH QĀSEM

  Cross-Reference

  SHAH QĀSEM. See QĀSEM-E ANWĀR.

• ANWĀR-E SOHAYLĪ

  G. M. Wickens

  a collection of fables by the Timurid prose-stylist Ḥosayn Wāʿeẓ Kāšefī.  

• ANWARI

  J. T. P. de Bruijn

  , AWḤAD-AL-DĪN MOḤAMMAD (or ʿALĪ), poet at the court of the Saljuqs in the 12th century.

• ANZALĪ

  Marcel Bazin

  town in Gīlān at the mouth of the lagoon (mordāb) bearing the same name.

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• ANZAN

  Cross-Reference

  The name of an important Elamite region in western Fārs and of its chief city. See ANSHAN.

• AOGƎMADAĒČĀ

  J. Duchesne-Guillemin

  A small prayer and meditation on death, made up of 29 Avestan quotations (one of them Gathic) embedded in a sermon in Pārsī (Pahlavi in Arabic script).

• APADĀNA

  R. Schmitt, D. Stronach

  Old Pers. term referring to audience halls, now specifically to the audience hall in Persepolis.

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• APĄM NAPĀT

  M. Boyce

  (Son of the Waters), Zoroastrian divinity of mysterious character whose true identity, like that of his Vedic counterpart, Apām Napāt, has been much debated.

• APAMA

  A. Sh. Shahbazi

  name of several noble women of the Achaemenid and Hellenistic periods, probably related to the Av. apama- “the latest,” hence “the youngest [child], nestling.”

• APARIMITĀYUḤ-SŪTRA

  R. E. Emmerick

  a Buddhist text belonging to the Mahāyāna tradition. It is concerned with the merit obtained by recalling the Buddha called Aparimitāyurjñānasuviniścitarāja.

• APARNA

  P. Lecoq

  (Gk. Aparnoi/Parnoi, Lat. Aparni or Parni), an east Iranian tribe established on the Ochos (modern Taǰen, Teǰend) and one of the three tribes in the confederation of the Dahae.

• APASIACAE

  R. Schmitt

  name of a nomadic tribe belonging to the Scythian Massagetae, not attested in Iranian sources.

• APHORISM

  P. Sprachman

  “short sentences drawn from long experience” to Cervantes, “the wisdom of many, the wit of one” to Lord Russell, the terms proverb, aphorism, maxim have evaded strict definition and demarcation.

• APOCALYPTIC

  M. Boyce, I. K. Poonawala

  (that which has been revealed). The use of the term apocalyptic to define a particular type of prophetic utterance is a development of Judaeo-Christian studies, in which a need was felt to mark a distinction between the ancient prophets and the pseudonymous ones who flourished mainly in the intertestamental period.

• APOLLODORUS OF ARTIMITA

  M. L. Chaumont

  historian of the 1st century B.C. or later, author of a Parthian History.

• APOPHTHEGMATA PATRUM

  N. Sims-Williams

  (Maxims of the fathers), Graeco-Latin name customarily used to refer to a species of Christian literature consisting of sayings and edifying anecdotes of the monks and solitary ascetics who inhabited the deserts of Egypt during the early centuries of the Christian era.

• APŌŠ

  C. J. Brunner

  Middle Persian for Av. Apaoša, the demon of drought.  

• APOSTOLIC CANONS

  N. Sims-Williams

  fragmentary Christian Sogdian text.

• APPIANUS

  M. L. Chaumont

  (APPIAN) OF ALEXANDRIA, historian, born probably toward the end of the 1st century CE.

• AQ EVLI

  P. Oberling

  a small Turkic tribe of Fārs. According to legend, the ancestors of the present-day Āq Evlīs were forced to migrate from Azerbaijan to Khorasan in Safavid times.

• AQ QOYUNLŪ

  R. Quiring-Zoche

  or WHITE SHEEP, a confederation of Turkman tribes who ruled in eastern Anatolia and western Iran until the Safavid conquest in 1501.

• ʿĀQ-E WĀLEDAYN

  J. Calmard

  (ʿĀQQ-E WĀLEDAYN), Ar. “[the son] disobedient to [his] parents,” a theme in popular Shiʿite literature.

• AQA

  D. O. Morgan

  Mongolian title, essentially meaning “elder brother” and by extension “senior member of the family.”

• ĀQĀ BĀLĀ KHAN SARDĀR

  Ḥ. Maḥbūbī Ardakānī

  , MOḤAMMAD-ʿALĪ KHAN, Qajar official in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

• AQA BOZORG QĀʾEM-MAQĀM

  cross-reference

  See QĀʾEM-MAQĀM.

• ĀQĀ BOZORG ṬEHRĀNĪ

  H. Algar

   (1293-1389/1876-1970), Shiʿite scholar and bibliographer.

• ĀQĀ KHAN

  H. Algar

  title of the imams of the Nezārī Ismaʿilis since early 19th century.

• ĀQĀ KHAN KERMĀNĪ

  M. Bayat

  (1270-1314/1854-55 to 1896), Iranian writer and intellectual, and an outstanding example of a first-generation secular nationalist. 

• ĀQĀ KHAN NŪRĪ

  Cross-Reference

  (1807-1865), prime minister (ṣadr-e aʿẓam) of Persia (1851-58) under Nāṣer-al-Dīn Shah Qajar. See EʿTEMĀD-AL-DAWLA, ĀQĀ KHAN NURI.

• ĀQĀ MĪRAK

  P. P. Soucek

  prominent painter of the 10th/16th century in the workshop of the Safavid Shah Ṭahmāsp (r. 930-84/1524-76).

• ĀQĀ MOḤAMMAD KHAN QĀJĀR

  Cross-Reference

  See ĀḠĀ MOḤAMMAD KHAN.

• ĀQĀ NAJAFĪ EṢFAHĀNĪ

  A.-H. Hairi

  (1262-1332/1846-1914), prominent religious leader involved with a number of important political events of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

• ĀQĀ NAJAFĪ QŪČĀNI

  A.-H. Hairi

  (1295-1362/1878-1943), religious authority and constitutionalist.

• ĀQĀ REŻĀ HERAVĪ

  P. P. Soucek

  a painter closely associated with Prince Salīm, the later Emperor Jahāngīr, during the latter’s residence in Allahabad (1008-13/1599-1605). 

• ĀQĀ TABRĪZĪ

  Hasan Javadi and Farrokh Gaffary

  , MĪRZĀ, 19th-century civil servant and writer.

• ĀQĀ ZANJĀNĪ

  P. P. Soucek

  , MĪRZĀ, also known as Ḵamsaʾī, a calligrapher active between 1869-70 and 1890.

• ĀQĀSĪ

  A. Amanat

  , ḤĀJJĪ MĪRZĀ ABBĀS ĪRAVĀNĪ (ca. 1198-1265/1783-1848), grand vizier of Moḥammad Shah Qāǰār (r. 1834-48),  1835-48.

• ĀQČA

  D. Balland

  (or AQČA), a small market town in north Afghanistan, situated on the western edge of the great piedmont oasis of the Balḵāb river.

• AQD

  A. H. Betteridge and H. Javadi

  marriage contract, marriage contract ceremony.

• ʿAQD-NĀMA

  L. S. Diba

  contract, now specifically marriage contract.

• ʿAQDĀ

  C. E. Bosworth

  a small settlement and subdistrict (dehestān) in the district (baḵš) of Ardakān-e Yazd.

• AQDAS

  A. Bausani

  more fully al-Ketāb al-aqdas (Pers. Ketāb-e aqdas), “The Most Holy Book,” written in Arabic by Bahāʾallāh, the founder of the Bahāʾī religion.

• ʿĀQEL KHAN RĀZĪ

  S. Maqbul Ahmad

  Indo-Muslim man of letters, historian, and mystic (d. 1108/1696).

• ʿĀQEL, MIRZA MOḤAMMAD

  M. Baqir

   Kashmiri poet and courtier who flourished in the first half of the 12th/18th century.

• ʿĀQEL, MOḤAMMAD

  M. L. Siddiqui

  entitled Korīǰa, mystic of the Panjab (d. 1229/1814). 

• ĀQEVLI, FARAJ-ALLĀH

  Bāqer ʿĀqeli

  (1887-1974), director of Anjoman-e Āṯār-e Melli (The National Monuments Council of Iran) who also held important posts in the gendarmerie and in civilian life.

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• ʿAQL

  F. Rahman, W. C. Chittick

   “intellect, intelligence, reason”.

• ʿAQL-E SORḴ

  H. Corbin

  “The Crimsoned Archangel” (lit., “The Red Intellect”), one of the visionary recitals or treatises on spiritual initiation of Sohravardī (d. 1191)

• ĀQSŪ (1)

  R. E. Emmerick

  town in eastern Turkestan, modern Chinese Sinkiang, about six km to the north of the river Āqsū. It lies on the caravan route between Maralbāšī and Kučā.

• ĀQSŪ (2)

  C. Naumann

  a river in the Āmū Daryā system. The upper course, called the Morḡāb in the Soviet Union, finds its source in the Little Pamir, the eastern part of Afghanistan’s Waḵān-Pāmīr mountains.