Table of Contents

  • AMLĀK-E ḴĀṢṢA

    Cross-Reference

    See ḴĀLEṢA.

  • AMLAŠ

    Multiple Authors

    i. Geography.  ii. Excavations.

  • AMLAŠ ii. Excavations

    R. H. Dyson

    small village in southeastern Gilān which, since 1959, has given its name to a large assortment of archeological artifacts derived from illegal, clandestine excavations in the nearby valleys of the Alborz range.

  • AMLAŠ i. Geography

    Marcel Bazin

    small town and district in the southeastern part of Gilān Province.

  • ʿĀMMA

    E. Kohlberg

    (pl. ʿawāmm), a common Emāmī Shiʿite appellation for the Sunnites. 

  • ʿAMMĀRA

    Cross-Reference

    See ʿAMĀRA.

  • ʿAMMĀRLŪ

    P. Oberling

    a Kurdish tribe of Gīlān and Khorasan. 

  • AMMIANUS MARCELLINUS

    M. L. Chaumont

    historian who provides important information on the Sasanians (b. ca. 330-35).

  • AMMITMANYA

    M. Mayrhoffer

    an Iranian, to whom were entrusted 215 (?) BAR of grain provided for provisions at Tukraš.

  • AMMŌ, MĀR

    J. P. Asmussen

    Manichean apostle, outstanding figure in the missionary history of Manicheism during the 3rd century CE.

  • AMOGHAPĀŚAHṚDAYA

    R. E. Emmerick

    “the heart or essence of the Amoghapāśa ritual,” the name of a Buddhist text belonging to the Mahayanist Tantric tradition. 

  • ĀMOL

    C. E. Bosworth, S. Blair, E. Ehlers

    a town on the Caspian shore in the southwest of the modern province of Māzandarān, medieval Ṭabarestān.

  • ĀMOL (ĀMŪYA)

    C. E. Bosworth

     town situated three miles from the left bank of the Oxus river (Āmū Daryā).

  • AMOL WARE

    Y. Crowe

    a type of incised pottery apparently dating from the 12th-13th centuries.

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  • ĀMOLI

    David O. Morgan

    Shiʿite scholar and author, died at Shiraz in 1352-53, when it was under the control of the Inju ruler Abu Esḥāq Jamāl-al-Din.

  • ĀMOLĪ, SAYYED BAHĀʾ-AL-DĪN

    E. Kohlberg

    early representative of Imamite theosophy (b. 720/1320, or perhaps 719/1319).

  • ĀMORAʾĪ

    P. Lecoq

     the dialect spoken in Āmora, a village in the šahrestān of Tafreš.

  • AMORDĀD

    Cross-Reference

    See AMURDĀD.

  • AMORGES

    A. Sh. Shahbazi

    Greek form of the name of several notable Iranians of the Achaemenid period.

  • AMPELIUS, LUCIUS

    Philip Huyse

    author of a short encyclopaedic work Liber memorialis in fifty chapters covering such diverse subjects as cosmography (and astronomy), geography and ethnography, theology and especially history.

  • AMPHIBIANS

    S. C. Anderson

    Twenty species occur in Iran: six salamanders in three genera in two families and fourteen frogs and toads in four genera in four families. The amphibian fauna is most diverse in the northwestern provinces, which have the greatest rainfall and running water throughout the year. 

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  • ʿAMR B. LAYṮ

    C. E. Bosworth

    ṢAFFĀRĪ, military commander and second ruler of the Saffarid dynasty of Sīstān (r. 879-900).

  • ʿAMR B. ʿOBAYD

    J. van Ess

    early Muʿtazilite theologian and traditionist (d. probably 144/761).

  • ʿAMR B. YAʿQŪB

    C. E. Bosworth

    great-grandson of the co-founder of the Saffarid dynasty and ephemeral boy amir in Sīstān, 299-301/912-13.

  • AMR BE MAʿRŪF

    W. Madelung

    Arabic al-amr be’l-maʿrūf wa’l-nahy ʿan al-monkar “enjoining what is proper or good and forbidding what is reprehensible or evil,” one of the principle religious duties in Islam.  

  • AMRANLU

    P. Oberling

    a small Turkic tribe which has settled down in the village of Galūgāh in Māzandarān.  

  • AMRĪ ŠĪRĀZĪ

    I. K. Poonawala

    (d. 999/1590-91 [?], poet and Sufi from Kūhpāya, a village near Isfahan.

  • AMṚTAPRABHADHĀRAṆĪ

    R. E. Emmerick

    name given by H. W. Bailey to a fifty-line text in Late Khotanese.

  • ĀMŪ DARYĀ

    B. Spuler

    river about 2,500 km long, regarded in ancient times as the boundary between Iran and Tūrān.

  • ʿAMŪOḠLĪ, ḤAYDAR KAN

    Cross-reference

    (ʿAMOḠLĪ). See ḤAYDAR KHAN ʿAMŪOḠLĪ.

  • AMURDĀD

    M. Boyce

    one of the seven great Aməša Spəntas of Zoroastrianism, the hypostasis of the concept of “not dying,” that is Long Life on this earth or Immortality in the hereafter.

  • ĀMŪYA

    Cross-Reference

    See ĀMOL.

  • AMYRTAEUS (II)

    E. Bresciani

    “The God Ammon has given him”, King of Egypt, 404-398 B.C., the only member of Manetho’s 29th dynasty.

  • AMYTIS

    R. Schmitt

    Median and Persian female name.

  • AN LU-SHAN

    E. G. Pulleyblank

    frontier general of mixed Sogdian and Turkish ancestry who rose to high rank during the latter part of the reign of Hsüan-tsung (713-56).

  • AN SHIH-KAO

    E. G. Pulleyblank

    or An Ch’ing, the earliest known translator of Buddhist texts into Chinese. 

  • AN-HSI

    E. G. Pulleyblank

    name by which the Parthian empire was known to the Chinese, a transcription of Aršak-, the name of the Parthian ruling house.

  • ANABASIS

    R. Schmitt

     title of ancient campaign accounts stylistically influenced by the so-called Periplus books.

  • ANĀHĪD

    M. Boyce, M. L. Chaumont, C. Bier

    Mid. Pers. form of the name of the Iranian goddess Anāhitā.

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  • ANĀMAKA

    R. Schmitt

    name of the tenth month (December-January) of the Old Persian calendar.

  • ANAND RAM MOKLES

    B. Ahmad

    Chronicler, lexicographer, and poet of the later Mughal period (1111-64/1699-1750.

  • ĀNANDRĀJ, FARHANG-E

    Cross-Reference

    Persian dictionary by Monšī Moḥammad Bādšāh, completed in 1306/1888. See FARHANG-E ĀNANDRĀJ.

  • ANANTAMUKHANIRHĀRADHĀRAṆĪ

    R. E. Emmerick

    the name of a Buddhist text belonging to the Mahayanist Tantric tradition. 

  • ANAPHAS

    R. Schmitt

    Persian male name.

  • ANĀRAK

    C. E. Bosworth

    a baḵš and its town on the southern fringes of the Dašt-e Kavīr.

  • ANĀRAKI

    G. L. Windfuhr

    the dialect of Anārak, a town with 2,100 inhabitants in the Bīābānak region northeast of the city of Nāʾīn.

  • ANATOLIA

    Cross-Reference

    and its relations with Iran: see Asia Minor.

  • ANAW

    T. C. Young, Jr., G. A. Pugachenkova

    village and archeological site at the foot of the Kopet-Dag mountains east of Ashkhabad in Soviet Turkestan.

  • ANA’L-ḤAQQ

    A. Schimmel

    “I am the Truth,” the most famous of the Sufi šaṭḥīyāt (ecstatic utterances, or paradoxes).

  • ʿANBAR

    Ž. Mottaḥedīn

    (ambergris), a waxy, aromatic substance produced in the intestines of stomach of the sperm whale and used in perfumery.