Table of Contents
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ARDAŠĪR II
A. Sh. Shahbazi
Sasanian king of kings, A.D. 379-83; he was deposed by the nobles in favor of Šāpūr III.
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ARDAŠĪR III
A. Sh. Shahbazi
Sasanian king (r. September, 628-29 April, 629). His father Šērōyē (Kawād II) murdered most of the Sasanian princes and died after only a brief reign.
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ARDAŠĪR MĪRZĀ
Ḥ. Maḥbūbī Ardakānī
ROKN-AL-DAWLA, the ninth son of the crown prince ʿAbbās Mīrzā, b. ca.1805-06, d. 1866.
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ARDAŠĪR SAKĀNŠĀH
A. Sh. Shahbazi
a vassal king of the first Sasanian king of kings, Ardašīr I.
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ARDAŠĪR-ḴORRA
C. E. Bosworth
one of the five administrative divisions (kūra) of Fārs, in Sasanian and early Islamic times.
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ARDAŠĪR-NAMA
A. Netzer
a matnawī of six thousand couplets in Persian by Šāhīn Šīrāzī, a Jewish Persian poet of the 8th/14th century.
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ARDAVĀN
Cross-Reference
(ARDAWĀN). See ARTABANUS.
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ARDERIKKA
R. Schmitt
name of two ancient villages.
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ARDESTĀN
X. De Planhol, R. Hillenbrand
a town of central Iran between Kāšān and Nāʾīn.
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ARDESTĀNI
P. Lecoq
the dialect spoken in the small town of Ardestān.
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ARDESTĀNĪ, ʿALĪ-AKBAR ḤOSAYNĪ
Cross-Reference
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ARDUMANIŠ
P. Lecoq
a Persian, son of Vahauka.
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ARDWAHIŠT
M. Boyce
one of the six great Aməša Spəntas who, with Ahura Mazdā and/or his Holy Spirit, make up the Zoroastrian Heptad. Of the six, Aša has the clearest pre-Zoroastrian antecedents.
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ARDWAHIŠT YAŠT
M. Boyce
(ORDĪBEHEŠT YAŠT), the third in the series of Avestan hymns addressed to individual divinities. It is devoted to one of the greatest of the Zoroastrian Aməša Spəntas, Aša Vahišta.
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ARDWĪSŪR
Cross-Reference
See ANĀHĪD.
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ARDWĪSŪR YAŠT
Cross-Reference
See ĀBĀN YAŠT.
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ARƎDVĪ SŪRĀ
Cross-Reference
See ANĀHĪD.
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ʿĀREF QAZVĪNĪ
J. Matīnī, M. Caton
ABU’L-QĀSEM (ca. 1300-1352/1882-1934), poet, musician, and singer during and after the Constitutional Revolution.
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ʿĀREFĪ HERAVĪ
Z. Safa
a poet of the 9th/15th century contemporary with the Timurid Šāhroḵ.
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AREIA
Cross-Reference
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ARƎJAṰ.ASPA
cross-reference
See ARJĀSP.
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ʿĀREŻ
C. E. Bosworth
the official in medieval eastern Islamic states who had charge of the administrative side of the military forces, being especially concerned with payment, recruitment, training, and inspection.
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ARFAʿ, ḤASAN
F. Azimi
Iranian general, born in Tiflis in 1895, the eldest son of the veteran diplomat Prince Reżā Arfaʿ.
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ARG
J. R. Perry
Its etymology is obscure: the term appears in Middle Persian only in the compound argbed a military rank and, though evidently in use, does not occur frequently in New Persian before the early 17th century. It is used also by Persian writers of Central Asia and northern India to designate the fortress of a city.
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ARG-E ʿALĪŠĀH
K. Afsar
the remains of the Masǰed-e ʿAlīšāh, a colossal mosque built in Tabrīz.
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ARG-E KARĪM KHAN
K. Afsar
citadel built by the Zand ruler Karīm Khan (1163-93/1750-79).
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ARG-E TEHRĀN
Cross-Reference
See TEHRAN.
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ARḠANDĀB
D. Balland
the name of two non-contiguous administrative districts (woloswālī) in Afghanistan.
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ARḠANDĀB RIVER
D. Balland
a river in the south of Afghanistan, the biggest tributary of the Helmand. The present name, in the form Āb-e Arḡand, is attested from the 7th/13th century.
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ARGBED
M. L. Chaumont
a high-ranking title in the Parthian and Sasanian period.
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ARḠŪN
Cross-Reference
See ABU’L-QĀSEM SOLṬĀN.
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ARḠŪN ĀQĀ
P. Jackson
a Mongol administrator in Iran (d. 1275).
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ARḠŪN KHAN
P. Jackson
fourth il-khan of Iran (r.683-90/1284-91).
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ARIA
R. Schmitt
region in the eastern part of the Persian empire.
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ARIABIGNES
A. Sh. Shahbazi
an Achaemenid prince.
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ARIAEUS
A. Sh. Shahbazi
military commander in the army of Cyrus the Younger.
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ARIARAMNEIA
A. Sh. Shahbazi
a city in Cappadocia mentioned in an inscription.
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ARIARAMNES
Cross-Reference
See ARIYĀRAMNA.
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ARIARATUS
C. J. Brunner
one of the three sons of the Achaemenid King Artaxerxes II.
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ARIMANIUS
Cross-Reference
Latin form of AHRIMAN.
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ARIOBARZANES
M. A. Dandamayev, A. Sh. Shahbazi, P. Lecoq
Old Iranian proper name *Ārya-bṛzāna-, perhaps signifying “exalting the Aryans.”
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ARISTAGORAS
P. Tozzi
tyrant of Miletus (late 6th-early 5th centuries B.C.).
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ARIUS
Cross-Reference
See HARĪ-RŪD
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ARIYĀRAMNA
A. Sh. Shahbazi
Old Persian proper name.
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ARIZANTOI
C. J. Brunner
one of the six tribes of the Median nation as listed by Herodotus.
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ʿARĪŻĪ, ABŪ ṬĀLEB ḤOSAYNĪ
Cross-Reference
Mughal scholar chiefly famous for his alleged discovery of Malfūẓāt-e Tīmūrī or Wāqeʿāt-e Tīmūrī, an autobiographical account of Tīmūr from the 7th to the 74th year of his life. See ABŪ ṬĀLEB ḤOSAYNĪ ʿARĪŻĪ.
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ARJĀN TOMB
Javier Alvarez-Mon
the late Neo-Elamite elite burial near Behbahan in southwestern Iran contains a coffin and a few artifacts and may shed new light on the discussion of Persian heritage as related to the Elamites.
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ARJĀSP
A. Tafażżolī
a chief of the Iranian tribe of the Xyōns and an enemy of Kay Goštāsp, patron of Zoroaster.
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ARJOMAND, Ḵalil
Rava Azeredo da Silveira
At the age of 21, in Grenoble, Kalil Arjomand devised an innovative mechanism for graded motorcar acceleration. This achievement, which prefigures his later creativity, was singled out by Esmaʿil Merʾāt, then supervisor of the Iranian students in France and later Minister of Education, in his reports to Iranian authorities.
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ARLEZ
J. Russell
Armenian term for a supernatural creature.